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  • 2 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


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    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 3 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


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    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 4 eighty-twenty rule

    Gen Mgt
    the principle that explores the natural balance between the causes and effects of business activities, and holds that all business activities display an 80%/20% split. Developed by Vilfredo Pareto, the eighty-twenty rule can be used to concentrate management control and identify problem areas. Examples of the eightytwenty rule in practice might include: 20% of the workforce accounting for 80% of the salary bill; 80% of a company’s profits coming from 20% of its products; 80% of the stock value being tied up in 20% of the inventory. The rule can be represented graphically in the form of a Pareto chart, which is a bar chart identifying the relationships between causes and effects of activities.
    Also known as Pareto analysis, Pareto’s principle.

    The ultimate business dictionary > eighty-twenty rule

  • 5 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 6 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 7 raíz

    f.
    1 root, radicle.
    2 root, bottom, center.
    3 radical, stem, stem of the word, root.
    4 root, nth root.
    * * *
    1 root
    \
    a raíz de figurado as a result of
    arrancar de raíz to pull up by the roots, uproot 2 figurado to eradicate
    cortar algo de raíz (erradicar) to root out something 2 (abortar) to nip something in the bud
    de raíz entirely
    echar raíces (planta) to take root 2 (persona) to settle, put down roots
    raíz cuadrada square root
    raíz cúbica cube root
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de planta] root

    de raíz —

    2) [de diente, pelo] root
    3) (Mat)
    4) (=origen) root

    la bebida fue la raíz de todos sus malesdrink was the root cause o was at the root of all his troubles

    5)
    6) (Ling) root
    7) (Inform) root
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Bot) root

    de raíz: arrancar una planta de raíz to uproot a plant; arranca el vello de raíz it removes the hair at the roots; eliminaron de raíz el problema they eradicated the problem; echar raíces — planta to take root; persona to put down roots; costumbre/doctrina to take root

    b) (de diente, pelo) root
    2) (Ling) root
    3)
    a) (Mat) root

    raíz cuadrada/cúbica — square/cube root

    b) (Inf)
    4)
    a) ( origen) root
    b)
    * * *
    = root, root, root, stem, root element, root cause.
    Ex. There will be occasions when it is difficult to see any helpful principle; for example, in what order should we arrange grain crops, root crops, legumes, etc. in the crops facet in Agriculture?.
    Ex. However, many indexing systems have evolved over the last century, and have their roots in a time when detailed specification of subjects was unnecessary.
    Ex. The procedure begins by matching strings of characters in the title word with roots, or stems, of words stored in computer memory.
    Ex. Some subjects have one stem, for example, sterilizer, sterilizing, sterilized, sterilization.
    Ex. The structure of a hierarchical file can be represented as a tree with a single root element at the top, plus node elements at the ends of the branches that spread out from the top to the bottom.
    Ex. This article highlights the root causes of nativism against both immigrants and U.S. immigration policy arising from increasing legal and illegal immigration.
    ----
    * agrupar palabras que tienen la misma raíz = merge + word forms.
    * a raíz de = in the wake of.
    * cepillo de raíces = scrubbing brush.
    * cortar Algo de raíz = nip + Nombre + in the bud, nip + Nombre + in the bud.
    * echar raíces = settle down, root.
    * las raíces se remontan = roots + lie.
    * las raíces se remontan a = roots + lie.
    * olvidarse de las raíces de Uno = forget + Posesivo + roots.
    * raíz cuadrada = square root.
    * raíz del problema, la = root of the problem, the.
    * raíz de palabra = word stem.
    * raíz histórica = historical root.
    * reducción de una palabra a su raíz = stemming.
    * reducir una palabra a su raíz = stem.
    * Tesauro Raíz = Root Thesaurus.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Bot) root

    de raíz: arrancar una planta de raíz to uproot a plant; arranca el vello de raíz it removes the hair at the roots; eliminaron de raíz el problema they eradicated the problem; echar raíces — planta to take root; persona to put down roots; costumbre/doctrina to take root

    b) (de diente, pelo) root
    2) (Ling) root
    3)
    a) (Mat) root

    raíz cuadrada/cúbica — square/cube root

    b) (Inf)
    4)
    a) ( origen) root
    b)
    * * *
    = root, root, root, stem, root element, root cause.

    Ex: There will be occasions when it is difficult to see any helpful principle; for example, in what order should we arrange grain crops, root crops, legumes, etc. in the crops facet in Agriculture?.

    Ex: However, many indexing systems have evolved over the last century, and have their roots in a time when detailed specification of subjects was unnecessary.
    Ex: The procedure begins by matching strings of characters in the title word with roots, or stems, of words stored in computer memory.
    Ex: Some subjects have one stem, for example, sterilizer, sterilizing, sterilized, sterilization.
    Ex: The structure of a hierarchical file can be represented as a tree with a single root element at the top, plus node elements at the ends of the branches that spread out from the top to the bottom.
    Ex: This article highlights the root causes of nativism against both immigrants and U.S. immigration policy arising from increasing legal and illegal immigration.
    * agrupar palabras que tienen la misma raíz = merge + word forms.
    * a raíz de = in the wake of.
    * cepillo de raíces = scrubbing brush.
    * cortar Algo de raíz = nip + Nombre + in the bud, nip + Nombre + in the bud.
    * echar raíces = settle down, root.
    * las raíces se remontan = roots + lie.
    * las raíces se remontan a = roots + lie.
    * olvidarse de las raíces de Uno = forget + Posesivo + roots.
    * raíz cuadrada = square root.
    * raíz del problema, la = root of the problem, the.
    * raíz de palabra = word stem.
    * raíz histórica = historical root.
    * reducción de una palabra a su raíz = stemming.
    * reducir una palabra a su raíz = stem.
    * Tesauro Raíz = Root Thesaurus.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Bot) root
    de raíz: arrancar una planta de raíz to uproot a plant, to pull a plant up by the roots
    arranca el vello de raíz it removes the hair at the roots
    eliminaron de raíz el problema de la droga they eradicated the drug problem
    echar raíces «planta» to root, take root;
    «persona» to put down roots; «costumbre/doctrina» to take root, take hold
    una costumbre que no ha echado raíces aquí a custom which has not taken root o taken hold o caught on here
    2 (de un diente, pelo) root
    B ( Ling) root
    C
    1 ( Mat) root
    raíz cuadrada/cúbica square/cube root
    2 ( Inf):
    está en el directorio raíz it's in the root directory
    D
    1 (origen) root
    la raíz de todos los males de la sociedad the root of all society's ills
    este problema tiene raíces políticas the roots of this problem are political
    hay que atacar este mal en su raíz we have to attack the root causes of this evil, we have to attack this evil at its roots
    la tradición tiene sus raíces en los países nórdicos the tradition originated in the Nordic countries
    tiene sus raíces en la Alta Edad Media it has its roots in o it dates back to the Early Middle Ages
    esta secta tiene sus raíces en la India this sect originated in India
    2
    a raíz de as a result of
    a raíz de los acontecimientos del pasado martes as a result of o following last Tuesday's events
    * * *

     

    raíz sustantivo femenino ( en general) root;


    vello› to remove … at the roots;

    a raíz de as a result of;
    echar raíces [planta/costumbre/ideología] to take root;

    [ persona] to put down roots
    raíz sustantivo femenino root
    la raíz del problema, the heart of the matter
    Mat raíz cuadrada/cúbica, square/cube root
    ♦ Locuciones: a raíz de, as a result of, in the wake of
    de raíz, at the root of: cortaron el problema de raíz, they nipped the problem in the bud
    ' raíz' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    arrancar
    - cúbica
    - cúbico
    - cuajo
    - lonja
    - profundo
    English:
    cube
    - nip
    - root
    - root out
    - root up
    - square
    - stem
    - tear up
    - free
    - result
    - strain
    - up
    * * *
    nf
    1. [de planta] root;
    la solución tiene que ser de raíz the solution has to attack the heart of the problem;
    arrancar algo de raíz [planta] to root sth out completely;
    el gobierno cortó de raíz el levantamiento the government nipped the uprising in the bud;
    eliminaron de raíz el problema del terrorismo the problem of terrorism was stamped out;
    echar raíces [árbol, planta] to take root;
    [persona] to put down roots raíz tuberosa tuberous root
    2. [de pelo, muela] root
    3. [origen] origin;
    de raíces humildes of humble origins;
    la costumbre tiene su raíz en la España del siglo XV the custom has its roots o origin in 15th century Spain
    4. [causa] root;
    el dinero es la raíz de todos sus males money is at the root of all her problems
    5. Ling root
    6. Informát root
    7. Mat root
    raíz cuadrada square root;
    raíz cúbica cube root
    a raíz de loc prep
    as a result of, following;
    * * *
    f
    1 root;
    echar raíces de persona put down roots; de costumbre take root;
    arrancar de raíz pull up by the root;
    cortar algo de raíz fig nip sth in the bud;
    a raíz de as a result of
    2 MAT
    :
    raíz cuadrada/cúbica square/cube root
    * * *
    raíz nf, pl raíces
    1) : root
    2) : origin, source
    3)
    a raíz de : following, as a result of
    4)
    echar raíces : to take root
    * * *
    raíz n root

    Spanish-English dictionary > raíz

  • 8 firme

    adj.
    1 firm.
    2 solid.
    3 resolute.
    ¡firmes! (military) attention!
    4 single-minded, firm.
    5 secure, strong, firm.
    adv.
    hard.
    mantenerse firme en to hold fast to
    se mantuvo firme en su actitud he refused to give way, he stood his ground
    m.
    road surface.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: firmar.
    * * *
    1 (estable) firm, steady
    2 (color) fast
    1 (pavimento) road surface
    1 hard
    \
    de firme hard
    en firme firm
    estar en lo firme to be in the right
    ¡firmes! MILITAR attention!
    mantenerse firme figurado to hold one's ground
    * * *
    adj.
    1) firm
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [mesa, andamio] steady; [terreno] firm, solid
    2) [paso] firm, steady; [voz] firm; [mercado, moneda] steady; [candidato] strong
    3) [amistad, apoyo] firm, strong; [decisión, convicción] firm

    estar en lo firme to be in the right

    4) [sentencia] final
    5) (Mil)

    ¡firmes! — attention!

    ponerse firmesto come o stand to attention

    2.
    ADV hard
    3.
    SM (Aut) road surface

    firme del suelo — (Arquit) rubble base (of floor)

    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) <escalera/silla/mesa> steady

    pisar terreno firmeto be on safe o firm o solid ground

    con paso/pulso firme — with a firm step/steady hand

    de firme<estudiar/trabajar> hard

    b) ( color) fast
    c) < candidato> strong
    2) (Mil)

    en posición de firmesstanding at o (BrE) to attention

    3)
    a) < persona> firm

    se mantuvo firme — (ante las presiones, el enemigo) she stood her ground

    me mantuve firme en mi postura/idea — I stuck o kept to my position/idea

    b) (delante del n) <creencia/convicción> firm
    II
    masculino road surface
    * * *
    = firm [firmer -comp., firmest -sup.], powerful, sound [sounder -comp., soundest -sup.], strong [stronger -comp., strongest -sup.], uncompromising, steadfast, assertive, adamant, taut [tauter -comp., tautest -sup.], tight [tighter -comp., tightest -sup.], uncompromised, staunch [stanch, -USA], rock solid, unswerving, toned.
    Ex. Full consideration of the above factors should form a firm basis for the design of an effective thesaurus or list of subject headings.
    Ex. Because DOBIS/LIBIS integrates the authority files into the cataloguing process, it provides a unique and very powerful authority file facility.
    Ex. Thus the scheme has a sound organisational backing.
    Ex. In fact, the 1979 index figures show a strong contrast between the hardback and paperback turnovers, with the hardback market being down and the paperback market up.
    Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex. He does admit, however, that 'this power is unusual, it is a gift which must be cultivated, an accomplishment which can only be acquired by vigorous and steadfast concentration'.
    Ex. I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.
    Ex. The point is that even our most adamant, conservative faculty members are slowly dribbling in and saying, 'Could you add our name to your selective dissemination of information service?'.
    Ex. While the stencil is held taut, the cylinder is slowly rotated until the bottom edge of the wax sheet can be clamped in position.
    Ex. The platen was lashed up tight to the toe of the spindle by cords which connected hooks at its four corners to another set of hooks at the four lower corners of the hose.
    Ex. The Gazette advocated uncompromised racial equality and viewed the migration as a weapon against oppression.
    Ex. This article reviews the work of Professor Kaula, the staunch crusader of librarianship in India.
    Ex. The numbers in the ad, which are quite eye-opening, are rock-solid.
    Ex. His mistaken assumption that cult heroes are supermen, and his unswerving devotion to an empirical testing of the play impose significant limitations on his account.
    Ex. If you are shorter or have very nice toned legs without veins, scars or dark hair, I say take the skirt up a few inches if you want.
    ----
    * adoptar una postura firme ante una cuestión = take + position on + issue.
    * con pie firme = sure-footed.
    * en tierra firme = on dry land.
    * mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.
    * mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * permanecer firm = stay in + place.
    * poco firme = tenuous, rocky [rockier -comp., rockiest -sup.].
    * ponerse firme = stand to + attention.
    * senos firmes y de punta = pert breasts.
    * sobre suelo firme = on firm footing.
    * terreno firme = safe ground, solid ground.
    * tierra firme = solid ground.
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) <escalera/silla/mesa> steady

    pisar terreno firmeto be on safe o firm o solid ground

    con paso/pulso firme — with a firm step/steady hand

    de firme<estudiar/trabajar> hard

    b) ( color) fast
    c) < candidato> strong
    2) (Mil)

    en posición de firmesstanding at o (BrE) to attention

    3)
    a) < persona> firm

    se mantuvo firme — (ante las presiones, el enemigo) she stood her ground

    me mantuve firme en mi postura/idea — I stuck o kept to my position/idea

    b) (delante del n) <creencia/convicción> firm
    II
    masculino road surface
    * * *
    = firm [firmer -comp., firmest -sup.], powerful, sound [sounder -comp., soundest -sup.], strong [stronger -comp., strongest -sup.], uncompromising, steadfast, assertive, adamant, taut [tauter -comp., tautest -sup.], tight [tighter -comp., tightest -sup.], uncompromised, staunch [stanch, -USA], rock solid, unswerving, toned.

    Ex: Full consideration of the above factors should form a firm basis for the design of an effective thesaurus or list of subject headings.

    Ex: Because DOBIS/LIBIS integrates the authority files into the cataloguing process, it provides a unique and very powerful authority file facility.
    Ex: Thus the scheme has a sound organisational backing.
    Ex: In fact, the 1979 index figures show a strong contrast between the hardback and paperback turnovers, with the hardback market being down and the paperback market up.
    Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex: He does admit, however, that 'this power is unusual, it is a gift which must be cultivated, an accomplishment which can only be acquired by vigorous and steadfast concentration'.
    Ex: I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.
    Ex: The point is that even our most adamant, conservative faculty members are slowly dribbling in and saying, 'Could you add our name to your selective dissemination of information service?'.
    Ex: While the stencil is held taut, the cylinder is slowly rotated until the bottom edge of the wax sheet can be clamped in position.
    Ex: The platen was lashed up tight to the toe of the spindle by cords which connected hooks at its four corners to another set of hooks at the four lower corners of the hose.
    Ex: The Gazette advocated uncompromised racial equality and viewed the migration as a weapon against oppression.
    Ex: This article reviews the work of Professor Kaula, the staunch crusader of librarianship in India.
    Ex: The numbers in the ad, which are quite eye-opening, are rock-solid.
    Ex: His mistaken assumption that cult heroes are supermen, and his unswerving devotion to an empirical testing of the play impose significant limitations on his account.
    Ex: If you are shorter or have very nice toned legs without veins, scars or dark hair, I say take the skirt up a few inches if you want.
    * adoptar una postura firme ante una cuestión = take + position on + issue.
    * con pie firme = sure-footed.
    * en tierra firme = on dry land.
    * mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.
    * mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * permanecer firm = stay in + place.
    * poco firme = tenuous, rocky [rockier -comp., rockiest -sup.].
    * ponerse firme = stand to + attention.
    * senos firmes y de punta = pert breasts.
    * sobre suelo firme = on firm footing.
    * terreno firme = safe ground, solid ground.
    * tierra firme = solid ground.

    * * *
    A
    1 ‹escalera/silla/mesa› steady
    edificar sobre terreno firme to build on solid ground
    tenemos que asegurarnos de que pisamos terreno firme we must make sure that we're not treading on dangerous ground
    tener las carnes firmes to have a firm body
    se acercó con paso firme he approached with a determined o firm step
    con pulso firme with a firm o steady hand
    una oferta en firme a firm offer
    un fallo a firme an enforceable o executable judgment
    de firme hard
    estudiar de firme to study hard
    2 (color) fast
    3 ‹candidato› strong
    B ( Mil):
    ¡firmes! attention!
    estaban en posición de firmes they were standing to attention
    C
    1 ‹persona› firm
    tienes que mostrarte más firme con él you have to be firmer with him
    se mantuvo firme she remained firm, she stood her ground, she did not waver
    2 ( delante del n) ‹creencia/convicción› firm
    su firme apoyo a los detenidos their firm support for the prisoners
    D ( Per fam) (excelente) excellent, brilliant ( colloq)
    road surface
    firme deslizante slippery surface
    ( Chi fam)
    la firme the truth
    te diré la firme I'll be honest with you o I'll tell you the truth
    * * *

     

    Del verbo firmar: ( conjugate firmar)

    firmé es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    firme es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    firmar    
    firme
    firmar ( conjugate firmar) verbo transitivo/intransitivo
    to sign
    firme adjetivo
    1escalera/silla/mesa steady;

    con paso/pulso firme with a firm step/steady hand;
    una oferta en firme a firm offer;
    de firme ‹estudiar/trabajar hard
    2 (Mil):
    ¡firmes! attention!

    3
    a) persona firm;


    me mantuve firme en mi idea I stuck o kept to my idea
    b) ( delante del n) ‹creencia/convicción firm

    firmar verbo transitivo to sign
    firme
    I adjetivo
    1 firm: se mantuvo firme ante la oposición, she stood firm against the opposition
    II m (pavimento de carretera) road surface
    III adv (con constancia) firm, firmly, hard
    IV excl Mil ¡firmes! attention!
    ♦ Locuciones: de firme, firm, hard
    en firme, definitive
    ' firme' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    hasta
    - inquebrantable
    - plantarse
    - pulso
    - roca
    - terrestre
    - actitud
    - enérgico
    - paso
    - postura
    - propósito
    - tierra
    English:
    adamant
    - assertive
    - deploy
    - exploit
    - fast
    - firm
    - govern
    - hard
    - hold
    - land
    - name
    - secure
    - self-assertion
    - self-assertive
    - shaky
    - shore
    - solid
    - steadfast
    - steady
    - stiff
    - stout
    - strong
    - surface
    - unsteady
    - unwavering
    - wonky
    - attention
    - decisive
    - definite
    - ground
    - intention
    - march
    - sound
    - sure
    - unbending
    - wobbly
    * * *
    adj
    1. [fuerte, sólido] firm;
    [andamio, construcción] stable; [pulso] steady; [paso] resolute;
    tiene unos principios muy firmes she has very firm principles, she's extremely principled;
    tiene la firme intención de resolver el problema she fully intends to solve the problem, she has every intention of solving the problem;
    llovió de firme durante varias horas it rained hard for several hours
    2. [argumento, base] solid;
    trabaja de firme en el nuevo proyecto she's working full-time on the new project;
    una respuesta en firme a definite answer;
    quedamos en firme para el miércoles we are definitely agreed on Wednesday;
    tenemos un acuerdo en firme para intercambiar información we have a firm agreement to exchange information
    3. [carácter, actitud] resolute;
    hay que mostrarse firme con los empleados you have to be firm with the workers;
    Fam
    poner firme a alguien to bring sb into line
    4. Mil
    ¡firmes! attention!;
    en la posición de firmes standing to attention
    nm
    road surface;
    firme en mal estado [en letrero] uneven road surface
    adv
    hard;
    mantenerse firme en to hold fast to;
    se mantuvo firme en su actitud he refused to give way, he stood his ground
    * * *
    I adj
    1 firm; ( estable) steady; ( sólido) solid;
    2 MIL
    :
    ¡ firmes! attention!;
    poner firme a alguien fig fam take a firm line with s.o.
    II m pavement, Br
    road surface
    III adv
    :
    trabajar firme work hard
    * * *
    firme adj
    1) : firm, resolute
    2) : steady, stable
    * * *
    firme1 adj
    1. (estable) steady [comp. steadier; superl. steadiest]
    2. (constante) firm
    firme2 n road surface

    Spanish-English dictionary > firme

  • 9 rechazar

    v.
    1 to reject.
    el gobierno rechazó las acusaciones de corrupción the government rejected o denied the accusations of corruption
    Ellos rechazan el grano malo They reject the bad grain.
    4 to clear (sport).
    el portero rechazó la pelota y la mandó fuera the goalkeeper tipped the ball out of play
    5 to refuse, to pass up, to decline, to disregard.
    Ellos rechazan el café They refuse the coffee.
    6 to refuse to.
    Ellos rechazan comprar eso They refuse to buy that.
    7 to turn one's back on.
    8 to dishonor, to refuse to accept, to repudiate, to disavow.
    Ellos rechazan el reconocimiento They dishonor the recognition.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to reject, turn down, refuse
    2 (ataque) to repel, repulse, drive back
    3 MEDICINA to reject
    * * *
    verb
    1) to reject, decline
    * * *
    VT
    1) [+ persona] to push away; [+ ataque] to repel, beat off; [+ enemigo] to drive back
    2) [+ acusación, idea] to reject; [+ oferta] to turn down, refuse; [+ tentación] to resist
    3) [+ luz] to reflect; [+ agua] to throw off
    4) (Med) [+ órgano] to reject
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <invitación/propuesta/individuo> to reject; <moción/enmienda> to defeat; <oferta/trabajo> to turn down
    b) <ataque/enemigo> to repel, repulse
    c) (Med) < órgano> to reject
    * * *
    = condemn, decline, discard, eschew, reject, set + aside, flinch at/from, refuse, negative, discountenance, repulse, shun, be hostile to, ditch, renounce, snub, nix, defeat, disavow, deselect, turn down, spurn, repudiate, fight off, hold off, dismiss with + the wave of the hand, fend off, overrule, push aside, turn + Nombre + away.
    Ex. It must, however, also be considered as a major source of the 'subject index illusion' so trenchantly condemned by Bliss, as mentioned below.
    Ex. The title 'Unsolicited marginal gift collections: saying no or coping with the unwanted' deals with the problem of how to cope with collections which should have been declined, but were not.
    Ex. The dates should be checked regularly and updated so that old dates are discarded and new ones entered.
    Ex. However, most contributors to the debate about the future of SLIS have eschewed practicalities in favour of sweeping and dramatic generalizations.
    Ex. Any reliance on principles alone is rejected, and an attempt is made to codify experience.
    Ex. Such championship cannot be lightly set aside, nevertheless it is now quiet certain that 'bibliography', incorrect and unfortunate as it may be, is here to stay and the situation must be accepted.
    Ex. It is increasingly obvious that we are as a nation one and indivisible, that divisive tendencies are a thing of the past, but there are still too many inheritors of the old indifference, and who flinch at co-operation as at an evil.
    Ex. In this novel, if you remember, Henry Crawford, having been refused by the heroine Fanny, goes off and elopes with an old flame, Mrs Rushworth.
    Ex. Bough negatived the suggestion instantly.
    Ex. Balzac discountenanced virtually every idea Hernandez and children's librarian, Kate Lespran, had the courage to suggest.
    Ex. Leforte blew forth a long breath, as if trying to repulse the oppressive heat of the September morning.
    Ex. Traditionally these books have been shunned because of their fragile nature, but librarians are finding that a small collection can enliven story times.
    Ex. Although he recognized the need for some forms of synthesis, Bliss was hostile to the idea of complete analysis and synthesis put forward by Ranganathan.
    Ex. It is time that higher education institutions accepted the wisdom of collaboration and ditched, once and for all, the rhetoric of competition = Ya es hora de que las instituciones de enseñanza superior acepten la colaboración y rechacen, de una vez por todas, la competitividad.
    Ex. 'Classification by attraction', i.e. the placing of a subject as the most concrete element represented in it, without regard to the basic discipline concerned, is renounced = Se rechaza la "Clasificación por atracción", es decir, la asignación de una materia según el elemento más concreto representado en ella, sin tener en cuenta la disciplina en cuestión.
    Ex. Some black librarian see little progress towards race-neutral attitudes and finds themselves either directly or indirectly snubbed, patronised or completely ignored by users as well as staff members.
    Ex. This play was nixed by school officials on the grounds that the subject of sweatshops was not appropriate for that age group.
    Ex. The author focuses on the campaign of the Idaho Library Association to defeat this initiative.
    Ex. Feminists disavow biology & biologists who reduce human biology to anatomy.
    Ex. There is a need to provide public access to the Internet and to develop guidelines for selecting and deselecting appropriate resources.
    Ex. Public school, strapped for cash, find offers from advertising revenue hard to turn down.
    Ex. The government seems to spurns the architecture profession and there is a growing rift between architects who assert their utility and those who cleave to artistic prerogatives.
    Ex. The author attempts to repudiate Cherniavsky's argument to show that machine intelligence cannot equal human intelligence.
    Ex. These pillboxes were originally built to help fight off a Nazi invasion.
    Ex. A dam at the Strait of Gibraltar could be constructed to limit the outflow and reverse the climate deterioration, thus holding off the next ice age.
    Ex. International 'rules' are often dismissed with the wave of the hand or a snort of contempt one week, and gilded and placed on a pedestal the next.
    Ex. During the rutting season, they are used to fend off other males in an attempt to gather a harem of females to breed with.
    Ex. President Eisenhower overruled some of his military commanders in summer 1958, ordering them not to use nuclear weapons against China.
    Ex. She's just an airheaded bimbo, with an endless capacity to push aside unpleasant realities in favor of her more satisfying interests: young men and jewels.
    Ex. They will be patrolling in plain clothes to spot doormen who turn away people apparently on the basis of their ethnicity.
    ----
    * cheque + ser rechazado = cheque + bounce.
    * rechazar Algo/Alguien = turn + Nombre + down.
    * rechazar la responsabilidad = disclaim + responsibility.
    * rechazarse = go by + the board.
    * rechazar sin más = dismiss + out of hand.
    * rechazar una hipótesis = reject + hypothesis, negate + hypothesis.
    * rechazar una idea = turn + idea + down.
    * rechazar una ley = defeat + legislation.
    * rechazar una moción = defeat + motion.
    * rechazar una sugerencia = turn + idea + down.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <invitación/propuesta/individuo> to reject; <moción/enmienda> to defeat; <oferta/trabajo> to turn down
    b) <ataque/enemigo> to repel, repulse
    c) (Med) < órgano> to reject
    * * *
    = condemn, decline, discard, eschew, reject, set + aside, flinch at/from, refuse, negative, discountenance, repulse, shun, be hostile to, ditch, renounce, snub, nix, defeat, disavow, deselect, turn down, spurn, repudiate, fight off, hold off, dismiss with + the wave of the hand, fend off, overrule, push aside, turn + Nombre + away.

    Ex: It must, however, also be considered as a major source of the 'subject index illusion' so trenchantly condemned by Bliss, as mentioned below.

    Ex: The title 'Unsolicited marginal gift collections: saying no or coping with the unwanted' deals with the problem of how to cope with collections which should have been declined, but were not.
    Ex: The dates should be checked regularly and updated so that old dates are discarded and new ones entered.
    Ex: However, most contributors to the debate about the future of SLIS have eschewed practicalities in favour of sweeping and dramatic generalizations.
    Ex: Any reliance on principles alone is rejected, and an attempt is made to codify experience.
    Ex: Such championship cannot be lightly set aside, nevertheless it is now quiet certain that 'bibliography', incorrect and unfortunate as it may be, is here to stay and the situation must be accepted.
    Ex: It is increasingly obvious that we are as a nation one and indivisible, that divisive tendencies are a thing of the past, but there are still too many inheritors of the old indifference, and who flinch at co-operation as at an evil.
    Ex: In this novel, if you remember, Henry Crawford, having been refused by the heroine Fanny, goes off and elopes with an old flame, Mrs Rushworth.
    Ex: Bough negatived the suggestion instantly.
    Ex: Balzac discountenanced virtually every idea Hernandez and children's librarian, Kate Lespran, had the courage to suggest.
    Ex: Leforte blew forth a long breath, as if trying to repulse the oppressive heat of the September morning.
    Ex: Traditionally these books have been shunned because of their fragile nature, but librarians are finding that a small collection can enliven story times.
    Ex: Although he recognized the need for some forms of synthesis, Bliss was hostile to the idea of complete analysis and synthesis put forward by Ranganathan.
    Ex: It is time that higher education institutions accepted the wisdom of collaboration and ditched, once and for all, the rhetoric of competition = Ya es hora de que las instituciones de enseñanza superior acepten la colaboración y rechacen, de una vez por todas, la competitividad.
    Ex: 'Classification by attraction', i.e. the placing of a subject as the most concrete element represented in it, without regard to the basic discipline concerned, is renounced = Se rechaza la "Clasificación por atracción", es decir, la asignación de una materia según el elemento más concreto representado en ella, sin tener en cuenta la disciplina en cuestión.
    Ex: Some black librarian see little progress towards race-neutral attitudes and finds themselves either directly or indirectly snubbed, patronised or completely ignored by users as well as staff members.
    Ex: This play was nixed by school officials on the grounds that the subject of sweatshops was not appropriate for that age group.
    Ex: The author focuses on the campaign of the Idaho Library Association to defeat this initiative.
    Ex: Feminists disavow biology & biologists who reduce human biology to anatomy.
    Ex: There is a need to provide public access to the Internet and to develop guidelines for selecting and deselecting appropriate resources.
    Ex: Public school, strapped for cash, find offers from advertising revenue hard to turn down.
    Ex: The government seems to spurns the architecture profession and there is a growing rift between architects who assert their utility and those who cleave to artistic prerogatives.
    Ex: The author attempts to repudiate Cherniavsky's argument to show that machine intelligence cannot equal human intelligence.
    Ex: These pillboxes were originally built to help fight off a Nazi invasion.
    Ex: A dam at the Strait of Gibraltar could be constructed to limit the outflow and reverse the climate deterioration, thus holding off the next ice age.
    Ex: International 'rules' are often dismissed with the wave of the hand or a snort of contempt one week, and gilded and placed on a pedestal the next.
    Ex: During the rutting season, they are used to fend off other males in an attempt to gather a harem of females to breed with.
    Ex: President Eisenhower overruled some of his military commanders in summer 1958, ordering them not to use nuclear weapons against China.
    Ex: She's just an airheaded bimbo, with an endless capacity to push aside unpleasant realities in favor of her more satisfying interests: young men and jewels.
    Ex: They will be patrolling in plain clothes to spot doormen who turn away people apparently on the basis of their ethnicity.
    * cheque + ser rechazado = cheque + bounce.
    * rechazar Algo/Alguien = turn + Nombre + down.
    * rechazar la responsabilidad = disclaim + responsibility.
    * rechazarse = go by + the board.
    * rechazar sin más = dismiss + out of hand.
    * rechazar una hipótesis = reject + hypothesis, negate + hypothesis.
    * rechazar una idea = turn + idea + down.
    * rechazar una ley = defeat + legislation.
    * rechazar una moción = defeat + motion.
    * rechazar una sugerencia = turn + idea + down.

    * * *
    rechazar [A4 ]
    vt
    1 ‹invitación/propuesta› to reject; ‹oferta/trabajo› to turn down
    la moción fue rechazada the motion was defeated
    rechazó su proposición de matrimonio she rejected o turned down his proposal of marriage
    se sienten rechazados por la sociedad they feel rejected by society
    2 ‹ataque/enemigo› to repel, repulse
    3 ‹luz› to reflect
    4 ( Med) ‹órgano› to reject
    * * *

     

    rechazar ( conjugate rechazar) verbo transitivo
    a)invitación/propuesta/individuo to reject;

    moción/enmienda to defeat;
    oferta/trabajo to turn down
    b)ataque/enemigo to repel, repulse

    c) (Med) ‹ órgano to reject

    rechazar verbo transitivo
    1 (una idea, un plan, a una persona) to reject
    (oferta, contrato) to turn down
    2 Med (un órgano) to reject
    3 Mil to repel
    ' rechazar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    barrer
    - declinar
    - negar
    - definitivamente
    - desechar
    - despreciar
    - plano
    English:
    beat off
    - brush off
    - decline
    - defeat
    - deny
    - disallow
    - dismiss
    - fend off
    - fight off
    - head-hunt
    - offer
    - refuse
    - reject
    - repudiate
    - repulse
    - shun
    - snub
    - spurn
    - stave off
    - sweep aside
    - turn away
    - turn down
    - ward off
    - wave aside
    - fend
    - fight
    - hand
    - over
    - parry
    - rebuff
    - repel
    - throw
    - turn
    - ward
    - wave
    * * *
    1. [no aceptar] to reject;
    [oferta, invitación] to turn down, to reject
    2. [negar] to deny;
    el gobierno rechazó las acusaciones de corrupción the government rejected o denied the accusations of corruption;
    rechazó que vaya a presentarse a la presidencia he denied that he was going to run for the presidency
    3. [órgano] to reject;
    el paciente rechazó el órgano the patient rejected the organ
    4. [repeler] [a una persona] to push away;
    [a atacantes] to drive back, to repel;
    rechazaron el ataque de los enemigos they repelled the enemy attack
    5. Dep to clear;
    el portero rechazó la pelota y la mandó fuera the goalkeeper tipped the ball out of play
    * * *
    v/t reject; MIL repel
    * * *
    rechazar {21} vt
    1) : to reject
    2) : to turn down, to refuse
    * * *
    rechazar vb to reject / to turn down

    Spanish-English dictionary > rechazar

  • 10 Cognitive Science

       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense.... [P]eople and intelligent computers turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       2) Experimental Psychology, Theoretical Linguistics, and Computational Simulation of Cognitive Processes Are All Components of Cognitive Science
       I went away from the Symposium with a strong conviction, more intuitive than rational, that human experimental psychology, theoretical linguistics, and computer simulation of cognitive processes were all pieces of a larger whole, and that the future would see progressive elaboration and coordination of their shared concerns.... I have been working toward a cognitive science for about twenty years beginning before I knew what to call it. (G. A. Miller, 1979, p. 9)
        Cognitive Science studies the nature of cognition in human beings, other animals, and inanimate machines (if such a thing is possible). While computers are helpful within cognitive science, they are not essential to its being. A science of cognition could still be pursued even without these machines.
        Computer Science studies various kinds of problems and the use of computers to solve them, without concern for the means by which we humans might otherwise resolve them. There could be no computer science if there were no machines of this kind, because they are indispensable to its being. Artificial Intelligence is a special branch of computer science that investigates the extent to which the mental powers of human beings can be captured by means of machines.
       There could be cognitive science without artificial intelligence but there could be no artificial intelligence without cognitive science. One final caveat: In the case of an emerging new discipline such as cognitive science there is an almost irresistible temptation to identify the discipline itself (as a field of inquiry) with one of the theories that inspired it (such as the computational conception...). This, however, is a mistake. The field of inquiry (or "domain") stands to specific theories as questions stand to possible answers. The computational conception should properly be viewed as a research program in cognitive science, where "research programs" are answers that continue to attract followers. (Fetzer, 1996, pp. xvi-xvii)
       What is the nature of knowledge and how is this knowledge used? These questions lie at the core of both psychology and artificial intelligence.
       The psychologist who studies "knowledge systems" wants to know how concepts are structured in the human mind, how such concepts develop, and how they are used in understanding and behavior. The artificial intelligence researcher wants to know how to program a computer so that it can understand and interact with the outside world. The two orientations intersect when the psychologist and the computer scientist agree that the best way to approach the problem of building an intelligent machine is to emulate the human conceptual mechanisms that deal with language.... The name "cognitive science" has been used to refer to this convergence of interests in psychology and artificial intelligence....
       This working partnership in "cognitive science" does not mean that psychologists and computer scientists are developing a single comprehensive theory in which people are no different from machines. Psychology and artificial intelligence have many points of difference in methods and goals.... We simply want to work on an important area of overlapping interest, namely a theory of knowledge systems. As it turns out, this overlap is substantial. For both people and machines, each in their own way, there is a serious problem in common of making sense out of what they hear, see, or are told about the world. The conceptual apparatus necessary to perform even a partial feat of understanding is formidable and fascinating. (Schank & Abelson, 1977, pp. 1-2)
       Within the last dozen years a general change in scientific outlook has occurred, consonant with the point of view represented here. One can date the change roughly from 1956: in psychology, by the appearance of Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin's Study of Thinking and George Miller's "The Magical Number Seven"; in linguistics, by Noam Chomsky's "Three Models of Language"; and in computer science, by our own paper on the Logic Theory Machine. (Newell & Simon, 1972, p. 4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cognitive Science

  • 11 hogar

    m.
    1 home (casa).
    su marido trabaja fuera y ella se ocupa del hogar her husomebodyand goes out to work and she's a housewife
    más de la mitad de los hogares del país in more than half of the households in the country
    los jóvenes sin hogar young homeless people
    hogar dulce hogar home sweet home
    hogar de acogida foster home
    2 fireplace.
    * * *
    1 (de chimenea) hearth, fireplace
    \
    crear un hogar / formar un hogar to start a family
    hogar dulce hogar familiar home sweet home
    sin hogar homeless
    la vida del hogar family life, home life
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=casa) home

    artículos del o para el hogar — household goods

    hogar, dulce hogar — home, sweet home

    hogar de acogida[para huérfanos, refugiados] home

    hogar de ancianos — old folk's home, old people's home

    2) (=chimenea) hearth liter
    3) (Téc) furnace; (Ferro) firebox
    4) Esp (Educ) home economics
    * * *
    a) ( residencia) home

    formar or fundar un hogar — to set up home

    hogar, dulce hogar — (fr hecha) home sweet home

    b) (liter) ( chimenea) hearth
    * * *
    = home, household, fireside, hearth.
    Ex. It is recommended for a variety of applications, amongst which are records of suppliers, staff, household possessions and so on, and is likely to find users in both the home and business worlds.
    Ex. For the two-car family, living in the countryside can present few problems, but most households are not in such an advantageous position.
    Ex. One will therefore be able to access the library catalogue from the comfort of one's own fireside.
    Ex. The first phase of occupation was represented by at least one timber-framed house with a central hearth, dated to the early 13th c.
    ----
    * aparatos eléctricos del hogar = domestic appliances, home appliances.
    * arreglos del hogar = home repair.
    * automatización del hogar = home automation.
    * decoración del hogar = home decorating.
    * decorar el hogar = decorate + the house.
    * escolarización en el hogar = homeschool, homeschooling [home schooling].
    * gente sin hogar = homeless people.
    * hogar de beneficiencia = almshouse.
    * hogar de convalecencia = convalescence home, convalescent home.
    * hogar del jubilado = retirement centre.
    * hogar del pensionista = day centre for the elderly, old people's day centre, retirement centre.
    * hogar de reposo = convalescence home, convalescent home.
    * hogar deshecho = broken home.
    * invasión del hogar = home invasion.
    * mobiliario del hogar = home furniture.
    * muebles del hogar = home furniture.
    * no tener hogar = be homeless.
    * persona sin hogar = waif, homeless man [homeless people, -pl.].
    * personas sin hogar = homelessness.
    * personas sin hogar, las = homeless, the.
    * producto para el hogar = household product.
    * sin hogar = homeless.
    * tarea del hogar = domestic duty, domestic task.
    * vida en el hogar = home life.
    * violencia en el hogar = domestic violence.
    * * *
    a) ( residencia) home

    formar or fundar un hogar — to set up home

    hogar, dulce hogar — (fr hecha) home sweet home

    b) (liter) ( chimenea) hearth
    * * *
    = home, household, fireside, hearth.

    Ex: It is recommended for a variety of applications, amongst which are records of suppliers, staff, household possessions and so on, and is likely to find users in both the home and business worlds.

    Ex: For the two-car family, living in the countryside can present few problems, but most households are not in such an advantageous position.
    Ex: One will therefore be able to access the library catalogue from the comfort of one's own fireside.
    Ex: The first phase of occupation was represented by at least one timber-framed house with a central hearth, dated to the early 13th c.
    * aparatos eléctricos del hogar = domestic appliances, home appliances.
    * arreglos del hogar = home repair.
    * automatización del hogar = home automation.
    * decoración del hogar = home decorating.
    * decorar el hogar = decorate + the house.
    * escolarización en el hogar = homeschool, homeschooling [home schooling].
    * gente sin hogar = homeless people.
    * hogar de beneficiencia = almshouse.
    * hogar de convalecencia = convalescence home, convalescent home.
    * hogar del jubilado = retirement centre.
    * hogar del pensionista = day centre for the elderly, old people's day centre, retirement centre.
    * hogar de reposo = convalescence home, convalescent home.
    * hogar deshecho = broken home.
    * invasión del hogar = home invasion.
    * mobiliario del hogar = home furniture.
    * muebles del hogar = home furniture.
    * no tener hogar = be homeless.
    * persona sin hogar = waif, homeless man [homeless people, -pl.].
    * personas sin hogar = homelessness.
    * personas sin hogar, las = homeless, the.
    * producto para el hogar = household product.
    * sin hogar = homeless.
    * tarea del hogar = domestic duty, domestic task.
    * vida en el hogar = home life.
    * violencia en el hogar = domestic violence.

    * * *
    formar or fundar un hogar to set up home
    artículos para el hogar household goods
    miles de personas se han quedado sin hogar thousands of people have been left homeless
    la mayoría de estos niños provienen de hogares deshechos most of these children come from broken homes
    hogar, dulce hogar ( fr hecha); home sweet home
    2 ( liter) (chimenea) hearth
    3 ( Esp) ( Educ) domestic science, home economics
    Compuestos:
    residential home for the elderly, old people's home ( colloq)
    women's refuge, women's shelter
    * * *

     

    hogar sustantivo masculino
    home;

    artículos para el hogar household goods;
    las labores del hogar housework;
    quedarse sin hogar to be left homeless;
    hogar de ancianos residential home for the elderly, old people's home (colloq)
    hogar sustantivo masculino
    1 (lugar en que se habita) home: no tenía hogar, he was homeless
    2 (de una chimenea) hearth, fireplace
    3 (asilo) home
    (orfanato) orphanage

    ' hogar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cabe
    - casa
    - chimenea
    - empleada
    - empleado
    - lumbre
    - nido
    - nostalgia
    - nostálgica
    - nostálgico
    - vagabunda
    - vagabundo
    - abandono
    - artículo
    - comodidad
    - intemperie
    - intimidad
    - menaje
    - techo
    English:
    broken
    - grate
    - hearth
    - home
    - homecoming
    - house
    - household
    - linen
    - domestic
    - environment
    - fire
    - foster
    - homeless
    - homing
    - hostel
    - notion
    - open
    - waif
    * * *
    hogar nm
    1. [de chimenea] fireplace;
    [de horno, cocina] grate;
    pasaron la tarde al calor del hogar they spent the afternoon in front of the hearth
    2. [domicilio] home;
    las tareas del hogar the housework;
    trabajaba como empleada del hogar she worked as a maid;
    su marido trabaja fuera y ella se ocupa del hogar her husband goes out to work and she's a housewife;
    en más de la mitad de los hogares del país in more than half of the households in the country;
    el consumo medio por hogar subió un 3 por ciento average consumption per household o family rose by 3 percent;
    el problema de los jóvenes sin hogar the problem of young homeless people;
    hogar dulce hogar home sweet home
    hogar del jubilado o pensionista = social centre for elderly people
    3. [familia] family;
    quiere casarse y formar un hogar she wants to get married and start a family
    4. [asignatura] home economics [singular]
    * * *
    m fig
    home
    * * *
    hogar nm
    1) : home
    2) : hearth, fireplace
    * * *
    1. (casa) home
    2. (chinenea) fireplace

    Spanish-English dictionary > hogar

  • 12 menor

    adj.
    1 smaller.
    2 younger, junior.
    3 minor, lesser.
    f. & m.
    m.
    1 minor, young man, youngster.
    2 minor, young girl.
    * * *
    1 (comparativo - en tamaño) smaller; (- en calidad, importancia) lesser; (- en edad) younger
    2 (superlativo - en tamaño) smallest; (- en calidad, importancia) least; (- en edad) youngest
    3 (inferior) minor
    4 MÚSICA minor
    1 DERECHO minor
    \
    al por menor retail
    apto,-a para menores (gen) suitable for all ages 2 (película) U-certificate, US rated G
    ser menor de edad to be under age
    tribunal de menores juvenile court
    * * *
    1. noun mf. 2. adj.
    2) smaller, smallest
    3) lesser, least
    4) younger, youngest
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [comparativo]
    a) [de tamaño] smaller

    los libros están ordenados de menor a mayor — the books are arranged by size, from small to large

    b) [de cantidad] fewer, less

    menor que algo — less than sth

    c) [de importancia, tiempo]

    en menor gradoto a lesser extent

    d) [de edad] younger

    menor que algn — younger than sb

    ser menor de edad — to be under age; (Jur) to be a minor

    e) (Mús) minor
    f) (Rel) [orden] minor
    2) [superlativo]
    a) [de tamaño] smallest
    b) [de cantidad] lowest, smallest
    c) [de importancia, tiempo] least
    idea 4)
    d) [de edad] youngest

    este es Miguel, mi hijo menor — this is Miguel, my youngest son

    2.
    SMF (=niño) child, minor frm

    apto/ no apto para menores — suitable/not suitable for (young) children

    apto para menores acompañados — (Cine) certificate PG

    menor de edad — (Jur) minor

    los menores de edad — those who are under age, minors

    tribunal 1)
    3. SM
    1) (Com)

    (al) por menor — retail antes de s

    2) Esp

    contar algo al por menor — to recount sth in detail

    * * *
    I
    1)

    en menor medida/grado — to a lesser extent o degree

    un porcentaje menora lower o smaller percentage

    X < Z — (Mat) (read as: equis es menor que zeta) X < Z; (léase: X is less than Z)

    2) ( en edad)

    ¿tienes hermanas menores? — do you have any younger sisters?

    ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? — who's the youngest of the brothers?

    3) ( secundario) <escritor/obra> minor
    4) (Mús) minor
    5) (Com)
    II
    masculino y femenino (Der) minor
    * * *
    I
    1)

    en menor medida/grado — to a lesser extent o degree

    un porcentaje menora lower o smaller percentage

    X < Z — (Mat) (read as: equis es menor que zeta) X < Z; (léase: X is less than Z)

    2) ( en edad)

    ¿tienes hermanas menores? — do you have any younger sisters?

    ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? — who's the youngest of the brothers?

    3) ( secundario) <escritor/obra> minor
    4) (Mús) minor
    5) (Com)
    II
    masculino y femenino (Der) minor
    * * *
    el menor
    = least, the

    Ex: Of these three connectors, 'and' focusses your search with the least precision since it retrieves all records that contain both words anywhere in the record.

    menor1
    1 = infant, juvenile, juvenile, minor.

    Ex: The article 'Sitting pretty: infants, toddlers, & lapsits' outlines the procedures followed at San Francisco public library to help parents introduce their babies to appropriate literature.

    Ex: The construction of the hypothesis, however, should be limited to such considerations as whether the subject heading list is designed to serve the adult or the juvenile user.
    Ex: The library provides services to 2,903 adults and juveniles who have been sentenced or remanded to the care of the Department.
    Ex: This new Act requires US libraries to block obscenity, child pornography and all material deemed harmful to minors on all computers used by minors.
    * abandono de menores = child neglect.
    * abuso de menores = child abuse.
    * apto para mayores de 13 años o menores acompañados = PG-13.
    * centro de menores = young offender institution.
    * centro tutelar de menores = juvenile detention centre.
    * consumo de bebidas alcohólicas por menores de edad = underage drinking.
    * departamento de corrección de menores = department of corrections.
    * embarazo de menores = teenage pregnancy.
    * escuela de niños menores = infant school.
    * explotación de menores = child labour.
    * grupo de protección a menores = Shelter group.
    * juzgado de asuntos menores = magistrates' court.
    * manutención del menor = child maintenance.
    * manutención de menores = child support.
    * menor de edad = underage.
    * menores de cinco años, los = under-fives, the.
    * no apto para menores = X-rated.
    * pensión de menores = child support.
    * protección de menores = child protection, child welfare.
    * sexo de menores = underage sex.
    * trabajo de menores = child labour.
    * tribunal de menores = juvenile court, minors' court.

    menor2
    2 = minor, reduced, slight [sligther -comp., slightest -sup.], low-key [low key], lesser, lower-key, diminished, low-keyed.

    Ex: A study of bibliographic classification could concentrate solely upon the major, and some of the more minor bibliographic classification schemes used today.

    Ex: The model shows that market concentration rises with inelastic demand, reduced marginal costs and efficient technology.
    Ex: The ISBD(CP)'s recommendations are very similar in principle to those for AACR2's 'in' analytics, except for slight changes in punctuation and order.
    Ex: Activity is still low key, but will increase when the British Library puts up data bases on its own computer in 1977.
    Ex: The catalog's deterioration is leading us down the road to lesser quality library service.
    Ex: After all, print technology can be represented by pencial, pen, type, laser output, and so forth, but the effect is lower-key.
    Ex: This volume comes at a time when increasingly frequent criticisms have been leveled at superpower nations for their diminished interest in problems in Africa.
    Ex: Overall, he provides a low-keyed, lucid account that, with its many-leveled approach, does more than justice to the complex themes it studies.
    * a menor escala = at a reduced rate.
    * cada vez menor = decreasing, dwindling, diminishing, declining, falling, shrinking, receding, sinking, ebbing, descending.
    * con un menor nivel educativo = lesser-educated.
    * delito de menor grado = misdemeanour [misdimeanor, -USA].
    * delito menor = petty offense, petty crime, minor offence.
    * demanda cada vez menor = falling demand.
    * de mayor o menor importancia = great and small.
    * de menor impacto = low impact [low-impact].
    * de menor importancia = fringe subject, of fringe interest.
    * de menor importancia para = on the fringe of.
    * desajuste cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * de venta al por menor = retail.
    * diferencia cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * en mayor o menor grado = to a greater or lesser degree.
    * en mayor o menor medida = to a greater or lesser extent.
    * en menor cantidad = less copiously.
    * en menor grado = to a lesser extent, to a lesser degree.
    * en paños menores = in + Posesivo + underclothes.
    * la menor duda de que = no doubt whatsoever.
    * menor de + Número = fewer than + Número.
    * menor, el = least, the.
    * no tener la menor importancia = be of no particular concern.
    * paños menores = undies.
    * presupuesto cada vez menor = shrinking budget.
    * ser el que con menor frecuencia = be (the) least likely to.
    * ser menor = be less.
    * símbolo de menor-que (<) = left angled bracket (<), less-than sign (<).
    * sin el menor asomo de duda = without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin la menor duda = no mistake, no doubt.
    * sin la menor idea = clueless.
    * sin la menor sombra de duda = without a shadow of a doubt.
    * vender al por menor = retail.
    * venta al por menor = retailing, retail trade.
    * ventas al por menor = retail sales.

    * * *
    A
    un período de menor interés histórico que el anterior a period of less historical interest than the previous one
    nuestro poder adquisitivo es cada vez menor our purchasing power decreases every day
    en menor medida to a lesser extent o degree
    en mayor o menor grado to a greater or lesser extent o degree
    alimentos de menor contenido calórico food which is lower in calories
    menor QUE algo:
    un ingreso tres veces menor que el mío an income three times lower than mine
    un porcentaje de indecisos menor que el del último sondeo a lower o smaller percentage of don't knows than in the last poll
    ( Mat): X Z (read as: equis es menor que zeta) X Z (léase: X is less than Z)
    esto sucede con menor frecuencia que antes this happens less often o less frequently than before
    haciendo el menor ruido posible making as little noise as possible
    eligió el de menor tamaño she chose the smallest one
    ¿cuál es la menor de las islas Baleares? which is the smallest of the Balearic islands?
    1
    (comparativo): ¿tienes hermanas menores? do you have any younger sisters?
    menor QUE algn younger THAN sb
    es un año menor que yo she's a year younger than me
    2
    (superlativo): ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? who's the youngest of the brothers?
    mi hijo menor my youngest son
    el menor de los dos niños the younger of the two boys
    C (secundario) ‹escritor/obra› minor
    sufrió lesiones de menor importancia she received minor injuries
    D ( Mús) minor
    E ( Com):
    [ S ] venta (al) por menor retail sales
    los distribuidores (al) por menor retail shops o outlets
    ( Der) minor
    [ S ] película no apta para menores movie not suitable for under-18s, certificate 18
    Compuesto:
    ser menor de edad to be a minor, be underage
    * * *

     

    menor adjetivo
    1

    pequeño) ‹número/porcentaje lower, smaller;

    en menor medida/grado to a lesser extent o degree;
    menor que algo lower than sth;
    un ingreso menor que el mío an income lower than mine

    pequeño): el país con el menor número de parados the country with the lowest unemployment figures;

    haciendo el menor ruido posible making as little noise as possible;
    el de menor tamaño the smallest one
    2 ( en edad)

    menor que algn younger than sb

    ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? who's the youngest of the brothers?;

    el menor de los dos niños the younger of the two boys
    3 ( secundario) ‹escritor/obra minor;

    4 (Mús) minor
    5 (Com):

    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino: tb
    menor de edad minor; ser menor de edad to be a minor, to be under age;

    película no apta para menores film not suitable for under-18s
    menor
    I adjetivo
    1 (comparativo de tamaño) smaller: una habitación menor que la mía, a room smaller than mine
    (superlativo) smallest
    el tamaño menor, the smallest size
    2 (comparativo de grado) less: su alegría es menor que la mía, his happiness is less than mine
    (superlativo) least, slightest: no tiene la menor idea, he hasn't the slightest idea
    3 (comparativo de edad) younger: es menor de sesenta años, she is under sixty
    es menor que mi prima, he's younger than my cousin
    (superlativo) youngest
    la menor de nosotras, the youngest of us
    4 Mús minor
    5 Com al por menor, retail
    II mf Jur minor

    ' menor' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abusar
    - Asia
    - caza
    - edad
    - efecto
    - menos
    - mínima
    - mínimo
    - osa
    - re
    - relevancia
    - sol
    - sombra
    - trascendencia
    - vender
    - venta
    - cazar
    - compás
    - de
    - duda
    - enfadado
    - enfadar
    - enojado
    - enojar
    - intención
    - movimiento
    - noción
    English:
    age
    - Asia Minor
    - barge in
    - clue
    - deaf
    - doubt
    - extent
    - fact
    - foggy
    - guardian
    - junior
    - juvenile
    - least
    - lesser
    - may
    - minor
    - misdemeanor
    - misdemeanour
    - retail
    - retail sale
    - retailing
    - show
    - under
    - young
    - magistrate
    - marginal
    - offender
    - out
    - rough
    - slight
    * * *
    adj
    1. [comparativo] [en tamaño] smaller ( que than); [en edad] younger ( que than); [en importancia] less, lesser ( que than); [en número] lower ( que than);
    este apartamento es menor que el otro this Br flat o US apartment is smaller than the other one;
    mi hermana menor my younger sister;
    es ocho años menor que yo he's eight years younger than me;
    reciben menor formación que nosotros they receive less training than us;
    en menor grado to a lesser extent;
    un menor número de víctimas a lower o smaller number of victims;
    una menor tasa de inflación a lower rate of inflation;
    apartamentos menores de 100 metros cuadrados Br flats o US apartments of less than o under 100 square metres;
    ayudas para empresarios menores de veinticinco años grants for businessmen (of) under twenty-five;
    sólo la menor parte de los encuestados estaba en contra only a minority of those interviewed were opposed;
    Mat
    menor que less than
    2. [superlativo]
    el/la menor… [en tamaño] the smallest…;
    [en edad] the youngest…; [en importancia] the slightest…; [en número] the lowest…;
    la menor de las islas the smallest island, the smallest of the islands;
    la menor de todos nosotros/de la clase the youngest of all of us/in the class;
    la menor de las dos hermanas the younger of the two sisters;
    el menor ruido le molesta the slightest noise disturbs him;
    no creo que tenga el menor interés I don't think it's at all o the slightest bit interesting;
    no te preocupes, no tiene la menor importancia don't worry, it doesn't matter at all o in the least;
    no tengo la menor idea I haven't the slightest idea
    3. [intrascendente, secundario] minor;
    un problema menor a minor problem
    4. [joven]
    aún es menor para salir solo he's still a bit young to go out on his own;
    ser menor de edad [para votar, conducir] to be under age;
    Der to be a minor
    5. Mús minor;
    en do menor in C minor
    6. Com
    al por menor retail;
    vender algo al por menor to retail sth;
    nmf
    1. [superlativo]
    el/la menor [hijo, hermano] the youngest
    2. Der [niño] minor;
    es una película no apta para menores this film has been classified as unsuitable for children;
    no apta para menores [en letrero] = unsuitable for children
    menor de edad minor
    * * *
    I adj
    1 comp less; en tamaño smaller; en edad younger;
    ser menor de edad be a minor
    2 sup
    :
    el menor en tamaño the smallest; en edad the youngest;
    el número menor the lowest number;
    no tengo la menor idea I don’t have the slightest idea
    3 MÚS tono, modo minor;
    mi menor E minor
    4 COM
    :
    al por menor retail
    II m/f minor
    * * *
    menor adj
    1) (comparative of pequeño) : smaller, lesser, younger
    2) (superlative of pequeño) : smallest, least, youngest
    3) : minor
    4)
    al por menor : retail
    5)
    ser menor de edad : to be a minor, to be underage
    menor nmf
    : minor, juvenile
    * * *
    menor1 adj
    2. (ningún) slightest
    menor2 n
    1. (más joven) youngest

    Spanish-English dictionary > menor

  • 13 material

    adj.
    1 physical.
    2 real, actual (real).
    3 material, bodily.
    m.
    1 material (sustancia).
    material de desecho waste material
    2 equipment (instrumentos).
    material bélico war material
    materiales de construcción building materials
    material escolar school materials
    material de guerra war material
    material de oficina office stationery
    3 cloth, material.
    * * *
    1 (en general) material; (físico) physical
    2 (real) real
    1 (sustancia) material
    2 (conjunto de cosas) material, materials plural, equipment
    3 (datos, información) material
    \
    material escolar teaching material(s)
    material de guerra war material
    material de oficina office stationery
    materiales de construcción building materials
    materiales de desecho waste material sing
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [ayuda, valor etc] material
    2) (=físico) physical

    daños materiales — physical damage, damage to property

    3) (=real)

    la imposibilidad material de... — the physical impossibility of...

    2. SM
    1) (=materia) material
    2) (=equipo) equipment

    material bélico, material de guerra — war material, military equipment

    material móvil, material rodante — rolling stock

    3) (Tip) copy
    4) * (=cuero) leather
    5)

    de material LAm made of bricks, brick-built

    * * *
    I
    a) <necesidades/ayuda/valor> material

    daños materiales — damage to property, material damage

    b) <autor/causante> actual
    II
    1) (elemento, sustancia) material
    2)
    a) ( útiles) materials (pl)
    b) (datos, documentos, etc) material
    * * *
    I
    a) <necesidades/ayuda/valor> material

    daños materiales — damage to property, material damage

    b) <autor/causante> actual
    II
    1) (elemento, sustancia) material
    2)
    a) ( útiles) materials (pl)
    b) (datos, documentos, etc) material
    * * *
    material1
    1 = equipment, material, matter, stuff, fare, infrastructure, fodder, material.

    Ex: A post-coordinate index depends upon specialised equipment and storage devices.

    Ex: It is my understanding that the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd edition, (AACR2) will prescribe the same entry rules for all materials.
    Ex: A plate is a leaf containing illustrative matter, with or without explanatory text, that does not form part of either the preliminary or the main sequences of pages or leaves.
    Ex: Rehyping old stuff as if it were new is not only annoyingly deceptive but doesn't sell any books to suspicious customers.
    Ex: Children seek education deliberately when they use the library to do their homework while many of the other borrowers are looking for recreational fare.
    Ex: Priority sectors are in energy, industry and infrastructure.
    Ex: The diverse range of perspectives represented provides fodder for lively debates.
    Ex: The material in the exhibition is organized into four thematic sections: objects used in daily life, funerary rites, religious items, and works of art.
    * archivero especializado en material audiovisual = audiovisual archivist.
    * basado en material impreso = print-based.
    * bibliotecario especializado en material audiovisual = audiovisual librarian.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en el material audiovisual = audiovisual librarianship.
    * buscar material = pursue + material.
    * catalogación de material no librario = non-book cataloguing.
    * censurar material = challenge + materials.
    * censuras a los materiales = challenges to materials.
    * centrado en el material impreso = print-centred [print-centered, -USA].
    * centro de material didáctico escolar = school resource centre.
    * ciencias de los materiales = materials sciences.
    * ciencia y tecnología de los materiales = materials science and technology.
    * colocación del material de vuelta en los estantes = shelving.
    * Conferencia Panafricana sobre Preservacion y Conservación de Material Bibli = Pan-African Conference on the Preservation and Conservation of Library and Archival Materials.
    * desarrollo de material educativo = instructional development.
    * editor de material electrónico = electronic publisher [e-publisher].
    * editor de material multimedia = multimedia publisher.
    * envío de material = freight forwarding.
    * fondos de material audiovisual = AV holdings.
    * frecuencia de préstamo del material = turnover rate.
    * imprenta de material efímero = jobbing house, jobbing office, jobbing printer.
    * inmovilizado material = tangible assets.
    * ISBD(A) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional - material anti = ISBD(A) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Antiquarian).
    * material anejo = accompanying material.
    * material audiovisual = a-v material, audiovisual item, audiovisual material, AV material, audiovisual aids, audiovisual media.
    * material bibliotecario = library stock, library materials.
    * material cartográfico = cartographic material.
    * material complementario = accompanying material.
    * material con copyright = copyright material, copyrighted material.
    * material crítico = critical matter.
    * material de archivo = archival material, archive material.
    * material de arte = art material.
    * material de ayuda = help pack.
    * material de construcción = building material.
    * material de empaste = filling material.
    * material de encuadernación = covering material.
    * material de enseñanza programada = programmed material.
    * material de estudio = study material, course material, curriculum material, curriculum resource, study package.
    * material de fondo = backing.
    * material del centro de recursos = resource centre material.
    * material del curso = course material, curriculum material, curriculum resource.
    * material de lectura = reading material, reading matter.
    * material de lectura para adultos = adult reading matter.
    * material del rodillo = roller stock.
    * material de ocio = entertainment material.
    * material de oficina = office equipment, office supplies.
    * material de papelería = printing supplies.
    * material de referencia = reference material.
    * material de relleno = filler.
    * material de reserva = reserve stock.
    * material de tamaño mayor de lo normal = outsize material.
    * material didáctico = teaching material, learning materials, course material, curriculum material, study package, instructional material.
    * material didáctico de apoyo = study aide.
    * material didáctico entregado en clase = class handout.
    * material digital = digital media.
    * material docente = study material.
    * material documental de interés para los vecinos del barrio = community literature.
    * material donado de segunda mano = hand-me-down material.
    * material editado por el propio autor = self-published material.
    * material educativo = study material, teaching material, learning materials, study package, instructional material.
    * material efímero = ephemera, ephemeral, fugitive material, ephemeral material.
    * material electrónico = electronic material [e-material], online material.
    * materiales menores = minor materials.
    * material fotográfico = photographic material.
    * material genético = genetic material.
    * material gráfico = graphic material.
    * material histórico = historical material.
    * material impreso = print, print media, print material, offline material, printed material.
    * material inflamable = flammable material.
    * material informativo = information material.
    * material multimedia = media material, media title.
    * material no bibliográfico = non-book material.
    * material no devuelto = non-return.
    * material no impreso = non-print [nonprint], non-print media.
    * material no librario = non-book material.
    * material oculto = buried material.
    * material para adultos = adult materials.
    * material polémico = challenged materials.
    * material procedente del dragado = dredged material.
    * material protegido por el derecho de autor = copyright material, copyrighted material.
    * material publicitario = publicity material, advertising material.
    * material que no es revista científica = non-journal material.
    * material radioactivo = radioactive material.
    * material reflectante = reflective material.
    * material renovable = renewable material.
    * material reprográfico = reprographic equipment.
    * material táctil = tactile material.
    * material técnico = technical equipment.
    * material tecnológico = technological equipment.
    * material termoplástico = thermoplastic.
    * material tipográfico = typographical equipment.
    * material y equipos de oficina = office supply and equipment.
    * orientado hacia el material impreso = print-centred [print-centered, -USA].
    * paquete de material didáctico = training package.
    * petición de material = material-finding enquiry.
    * plan de adquisición de material a vista = approval plan.
    * preservar material = preserve + material.
    * presupuesto para adquisición de material = capital budget.
    * presupuesto para la compra de material = materials budget.
    * proveedor de material de oficina = office supplier.
    * proveedor de materiales = materials vendor.
    * recoger material = gather + material.
    * reunir material = gather + material.
    * sala de material audiovisual = audiovisual room.
    * selección de material = materials selection.
    * suministrar material de equipo = supply + equipment.
    * suministro de material multimedia = media supply.
    * trabajo de impresión de material efímero = ephemeral jobbing.
    * trabajos de impresión de material efímero = jobbing work.
    * transporte de material = freight forwarding.
    * venta de material impreso = print sale.

    material2
    2 = artifactual, material.

    Ex: Unless the filmed material is deemed of high artistic or artifactual value, it is subsequently pulped.

    Ex: His paintings suggest the possibility that material things can be transformed to accommodate a transcendent and spiritual vision.
    * beneficio material = material benefit.
    * causar daño material = cause + material injury.
    * daño material = material damage.
    * daño no material = immaterial damage.
    * mundo material = material world.
    * objeto material = material object.

    * * *
    1 ‹necesidades/ayuda› material; ‹valor› material
    los daños materiales eran graves the damage to property o the material damage was serious
    está muy apegado a los bienes materiales he is very materialistic, he cares a lot about material possessions
    2
    (uso enfático): no tengo tiempo material para cosértelo I really don't have time to sew it for you
    ante la imposibilidad material de asistir al acto since it was quite impossible for her to attend the ceremony
    3 ‹autor/causante› actual
    A
    1 (elemento, sustancia) material
    es un material muy flexible it is a very flexible material
    2
    ( RPl) ( Const): de material brick ( before n)
    Compuesto:
    ( ant); plastic
    B
    1 (útiles) materials (pl)
    2 (datos, documentos, etc) material
    está reuniendo material para el artículo she is collecting material for the article
    Compuestos:
    ( period); military equipment
    material de demoliciones or derribo
    reclaimed o secondhand building materials (pl)
    (probetas, retortas, etc) laboratory apparatus; (sustancias químicas) laboratory materials (pl)
    office stationery
    teaching materials (pl)
    school materials (pl), school things (pl) ( colloq)
    (papel, películas) photographic materials (pl); (lentes, filtros) photographic equipment
    material móvil or rodante
    rolling stock
    * * *

     

    material adjetivo
    a)necesidades/ayuda/valor material;

    daños materiales damage to property, material damage

    b)autor/causante actual

    ■ sustantivo masculino
    1 ( en general) material;

    2 ( útiles) materials (pl);

    material didáctico/escolar teaching/school materials (pl)
    material
    I adj (no espiritual) material, physical
    bienes materiales, material goods
    II sustantivo masculino material
    material informático, computer materials pl
    ' material' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    absorbente
    - bélica
    - bélico
    - concha
    - corcho
    - de
    - empeñar
    - ser
    - flexible
    - heredar
    - hule
    - laminar
    - legar
    - legado
    - materia
    - ofimática
    - ordinaria
    - ordinario
    - oscurecer
    - oscurecerse
    - paño
    - penetrar
    - pintura
    - rígida
    - rigidez
    - rígido
    - ruda
    - rudo
    - sintética
    - sintético
    - sólida
    - solidez
    - sólido
    - tartán
    - tela
    - térmica
    - térmico
    - tolerancia
    - tratamiento
    - alambrada
    - algodón
    - apego
    - caída
    - carey
    - cartón
    - contraer
    - corte
    - cuadro
    - elasticidad
    - elástico
    English:
    ancillary
    - artwork
    - bronze
    - creature
    - effluent
    - equipment
    - flammable
    - flint
    - furnish
    - material
    - matter
    - perish
    - physical
    - raw material
    - resilience
    - resilient
    - rolling stock
    - stuff
    - supply
    - teaching materials
    - unrefined
    - comfort
    - deteriorate
    - earthenware
    - fencing
    - flaw
    - flimsy
    - glass
    - heavy
    - hokum
    - hole
    - impervious
    - inflexible
    - itchy
    - ivory
    - literature
    - making
    - man
    - oddment
    - of
    - over
    - padding
    - paper
    - plaid
    - pliable
    - pulp
    - raw
    - robust
    - rubbery
    - shape
    * * *
    adj
    1. [físico] physical;
    [consecuencias] material;
    los daños materiales fueron cuantiosos the physical damage o damage to property was considerable;
    el objeto robado no tenía ningún valor material the stolen object had no material o financial value
    2. [real] real, actual;
    el autor material del asesinato the person actually responsible for carrying out the murder;
    no hay tiempo material para discutir el problema there's simply no time to discuss the problem
    nm
    1. [sustancia] material
    material de desecho waste material;
    material genético genetic material;
    material refractario heat-resistant o fireproof material
    2. [datos, información] material;
    no hay suficiente material como para escribir una novela there isn't enough material to write a novel
    3. [instrumentos] equipment
    material audiovisual audiovisual equipment and material;
    material bélico military equipment;
    materiales de construcción building materials;
    material deportivo sports equipment;
    material didáctico teaching materials;
    material escolar school materials;
    material fotográfico photographic equipment;
    material fungible [desechable] disposable materials;
    Informát [cartuchos, disquetes] consumables;
    material de guerra war material;
    material de laboratorio laboratory materials;
    material de oficina office supplies
    4. Esp Fam [droga] gear, merchandise
    5. RP
    de material [de obra] built of brick, brick-built;
    una casa de material a house built of brick, a brick-built house
    * * *
    m/adj material
    * * *
    1) : material, physical, real
    2)
    daños materiales : property damage
    1) : material
    material de construcción: building material
    2) equipo: equipment, gear
    * * *
    1. (sustancia) material
    2. (equipo) equipment

    Spanish-English dictionary > material

  • 14 seguridad

    f.
    de seguridad safety (cinturón, cierre)
    seguridad en el trabajo safety at work o in the workplace
    seguridad vial road safety
    2 security.
    seguridad ciudadana public safety
    seguridad Social Social Security
    3 security (guardias).
    4 security (estabilidad, firmeza).
    una inversión que ofrece seguridad a safe o secure investment
    5 certainty (certidumbre).
    con seguridad for sure, definitely
    con toda seguridad with absolute certainty
    tener la seguridad de que to be certain that
    6 confidence (confianza).
    habla con mucha seguridad she speaks very confidently
    seguridad en sí mismo self-confidence
    mostrar una falsa seguridad to put on a show of confidence
    7 assurance, guaranty.
    8 self-reliance, firmness, positiveness, assurance.
    * * *
    1 (gen) security
    2 (física) safety
    3 (certeza) certainty, sureness
    4 (confianza) confidence
    5 (organismo) security
    6 (fiabilidad) reliability
    \
    con toda seguridad most probably
    de seguridad security
    en la seguridad de que... in the safe knowledge that...
    hablar con seguridad to speak with confidence
    para mayor seguridad (certeza) to be on the safe side 2 (protección) for safety's sake
    tener la seguridad de que... to be certain that..., be sure that...
    seguridad en sí mismo,-a self-confidence
    seguridad financiera financial security
    seguridad social ≈ National Health Service
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) assurance, certainty
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=falta de riesgo)
    a) [ante accidente, peligro] safety; [ante delito, atentado] security

    cierre de seguridad — [de pulsera, collar, arma] safety catch

    cinturón de seguridad — safety belt

    empresa de seguridad — security company

    medidas de seguridad — [ante accidente, incendio] safety measures; [ante delito, atentado] security measures

    b) [económica] security
    c) (Mil, Pol) security

    consejo de seguridad — security council

    2)

    seguridad ciudadanathe security of the public from crime

    seguridad del Estado — national security, state security

    seguridad social(=sistema de pensiones y paro) social security, welfare (EEUU); (=contribuciones) national insurance; (=sistema médico) national health service, NHS

    3) (=sensación) [de no tener peligro] security; [de confianza] confidence, assurance

    seguridad en uno mismo — self-confidence, self-assurance

    4) (=certeza) certainty

    con seguridad, no lo sabemos con seguridad — we don't know for sure o for certain

    con toda seguridad, podemos decir que... — with complete certainty, we can say that...

    tener la seguridad de que... — to be sure o certain that...

    tenía la seguridad de que algo iba a pasarhe was sure o certain that something was going to happen

    tengan ustedes la seguridad de que... — (you may) rest assured that... frm

    5) (Jur) [de fianza] security, surety
    * * *
    1) ( ausencia de peligro) safety; (protección contra robos, atentados) security

    medidas de seguridad — (contra accidentes, incendios) safety measures; (contra robos, atentados) security measures

    2) (estabilidad, garantía) security
    3)
    a) ( certeza)
    b) (confianza, aplomo) confidence, self-confidence

    tener seguridad en uno mismo — to be sure of oneself, to be self-confident

    * * *
    = fall-back [fallback], safety, security, peace of mind.
    Ex. The program has been enhanced to provide system security and the various levels of fall-back operation in the event of system failure.
    Ex. Not all topics are covered, but a broad group of industrial topics are represented, including, measurement, environmental and safety engineering, energy technology and communication.
    Ex. DBMS systems aim to provide data security and access safeguards.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Licensing of digital publications: peace of mind for research libraries or an expensive nightmare?'.
    ----
    * abrochar el cinturón de seguridad = fasten + seat belt.
    * alfiler de seguridad = safety pin.
    * ataque contra la seguridad = security attack.
    * barrera de seguridad = crush barrier.
    * brecha del sistema de seguridad = security leak.
    * brecha en el sistema de seguridad = security hole.
    * caja de seguridad = safe, safety deposit box.
    * cámara de seguridad = storage vault, security camera, surveillance camera.
    * certificado de seguridad = security certificate.
    * cinturón de seguridad = seat belt.
    * código de seguridad vial = highway safety code.
    * como medida de seguridad = as a backup.
    * con seguridad en uno mismo = assertively.
    * Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas = United Nations Security Council.
    * Consejo de Seguridad, el = Security Council, the.
    * con toda seguridad = safely.
    * control de seguridad = security checkpoint.
    * copia de seguridad = backup [back-up], duplicate copy, backup copy.
    * copia de seguridad del sistema = system backup.
    * cotización a la seguridad social = national insurance contribution.
    * de máxima seguridad = safety critical [safety-critical].
    * depósito de seguridad = storage vault.
    * distancia de seguridad = stopping distance, braking distance.
    * encargado de seguridad = security officer, security officer.
    * evaluación de la seguridad = safety evaluation.
    * falsa sensación de seguridad = false sense of security.
    * fuerzas de seguridad = security forces.
    * guarda de seguridad = security patrol, security officer, security officer.
    * guardia de seguridad = security guard.
    * línea de seguridad = lifeline.
    * llevar puesto el cinturón de seguridad = wear + a seat belt.
    * malla de seguridad = safety net.
    * mecanismo de seguridad = security mechanism.
    * medida de seguridad = safety standard, security measure, safety regulation, safety precaution.
    * medida de seguridad e higiene en el trabajo = health and safety standard.
    * mostrador de seguridad = security desk.
    * ordenador de seguridad = firewall.
    * película de seguridad = safety film.
    * peligro para la seguridad = safety hazard, security risk.
    * personal de seguridad = security staff.
    * plan de seguridad = backup plan.
    * poner en peligro la seguridad = breach + security.
    * por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.
    * por seguridad = for safety reasons.
    * problema de seguridad = security problem.
    * red de seguridad = safety net.
    * relacionado con la seguridad = safety-related.
    * responsable de seguridad = safety official.
    * riesgo para la seguridad = security risk.
    * seguridad ambiental = environmental security.
    * seguridad ciudadana = public safety.
    * seguridad contra corrientes eléctricas = electrical security.
    * seguridad contra incendios = fire security, fire safety.
    * seguridad de circulación en bicicleta = bicycle safety.
    * seguridad de las redes = network security.
    * seguridad del sistema = system security.
    * seguridad en el empleo = employment protection and safety.
    * seguridad en el trabajo = safety at work, occupational safety.
    * seguridad en (la) carretera = driving safety, road safety.
    * seguridad en las aglomeraciones = crowd safety.
    * seguridad en uno mismo = self-confidence, assertiveness, self-efficacy, self-belief.
    * seguridad informática = computer security.
    * seguridad laboral = occupational safety.
    * seguridad nacional = national security, homeland security.
    * seguridad personal = personal safety.
    * seguridad pública = public safety.
    * seguridad que da estar en un grupo numeroso = safety in numbers.
    * seguridad social = social security, national insurance.
    * Seguridad Social Británica = National Health Service (NHS).
    * seguridad urbana = urban safety, urban security.
    * seguridad vial = driving safety, road safety, highway safety.
    * servicio de seguridad = security service.
    * sistema de copias de seguridad = backup system.
    * sistema de seguridad = security system, backup system.
    * tener la seguridad de = have + the security of.
    * tener la seguridad de que = rest + assured that.
    * tomar medidas de seguridad = take + safety precautions.
    * tomar medidas de seguridad más estrictas = tighten + security.
    * valla de seguridad = crush barrier.
    * válvula de seguridad = safety valve, pressure relief valve.
    * vigilante de seguridad = security guard.
    * volver a la seguridad de = burrow back into.
    * vulneración de la seguridad = security breach.
    * vulnerar la seguridad = breach + security.
    * * *
    1) ( ausencia de peligro) safety; (protección contra robos, atentados) security

    medidas de seguridad — (contra accidentes, incendios) safety measures; (contra robos, atentados) security measures

    2) (estabilidad, garantía) security
    3)
    a) ( certeza)
    b) (confianza, aplomo) confidence, self-confidence

    tener seguridad en uno mismo — to be sure of oneself, to be self-confident

    * * *
    = fall-back [fallback], safety, security, peace of mind.

    Ex: The program has been enhanced to provide system security and the various levels of fall-back operation in the event of system failure.

    Ex: Not all topics are covered, but a broad group of industrial topics are represented, including, measurement, environmental and safety engineering, energy technology and communication.
    Ex: DBMS systems aim to provide data security and access safeguards.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Licensing of digital publications: peace of mind for research libraries or an expensive nightmare?'.
    * abrochar el cinturón de seguridad = fasten + seat belt.
    * alfiler de seguridad = safety pin.
    * ataque contra la seguridad = security attack.
    * barrera de seguridad = crush barrier.
    * brecha del sistema de seguridad = security leak.
    * brecha en el sistema de seguridad = security hole.
    * caja de seguridad = safe, safety deposit box.
    * cámara de seguridad = storage vault, security camera, surveillance camera.
    * certificado de seguridad = security certificate.
    * cinturón de seguridad = seat belt.
    * código de seguridad vial = highway safety code.
    * como medida de seguridad = as a backup.
    * con seguridad en uno mismo = assertively.
    * Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas = United Nations Security Council.
    * Consejo de Seguridad, el = Security Council, the.
    * con toda seguridad = safely.
    * control de seguridad = security checkpoint.
    * copia de seguridad = backup [back-up], duplicate copy, backup copy.
    * copia de seguridad del sistema = system backup.
    * cotización a la seguridad social = national insurance contribution.
    * de máxima seguridad = safety critical [safety-critical].
    * depósito de seguridad = storage vault.
    * distancia de seguridad = stopping distance, braking distance.
    * encargado de seguridad = security officer, security officer.
    * evaluación de la seguridad = safety evaluation.
    * falsa sensación de seguridad = false sense of security.
    * fuerzas de seguridad = security forces.
    * guarda de seguridad = security patrol, security officer, security officer.
    * guardia de seguridad = security guard.
    * línea de seguridad = lifeline.
    * llevar puesto el cinturón de seguridad = wear + a seat belt.
    * malla de seguridad = safety net.
    * mecanismo de seguridad = security mechanism.
    * medida de seguridad = safety standard, security measure, safety regulation, safety precaution.
    * medida de seguridad e higiene en el trabajo = health and safety standard.
    * mostrador de seguridad = security desk.
    * ordenador de seguridad = firewall.
    * película de seguridad = safety film.
    * peligro para la seguridad = safety hazard, security risk.
    * personal de seguridad = security staff.
    * plan de seguridad = backup plan.
    * poner en peligro la seguridad = breach + security.
    * por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.
    * por seguridad = for safety reasons.
    * problema de seguridad = security problem.
    * red de seguridad = safety net.
    * relacionado con la seguridad = safety-related.
    * responsable de seguridad = safety official.
    * riesgo para la seguridad = security risk.
    * seguridad ambiental = environmental security.
    * seguridad ciudadana = public safety.
    * seguridad contra corrientes eléctricas = electrical security.
    * seguridad contra incendios = fire security, fire safety.
    * seguridad de circulación en bicicleta = bicycle safety.
    * seguridad de las redes = network security.
    * seguridad del sistema = system security.
    * seguridad en el empleo = employment protection and safety.
    * seguridad en el trabajo = safety at work, occupational safety.
    * seguridad en (la) carretera = driving safety, road safety.
    * seguridad en las aglomeraciones = crowd safety.
    * seguridad en uno mismo = self-confidence, assertiveness, self-efficacy, self-belief.
    * seguridad informática = computer security.
    * seguridad laboral = occupational safety.
    * seguridad nacional = national security, homeland security.
    * seguridad personal = personal safety.
    * seguridad pública = public safety.
    * seguridad que da estar en un grupo numeroso = safety in numbers.
    * seguridad social = social security, national insurance.
    * Seguridad Social Británica = National Health Service (NHS).
    * seguridad urbana = urban safety, urban security.
    * seguridad vial = driving safety, road safety, highway safety.
    * servicio de seguridad = security service.
    * sistema de copias de seguridad = backup system.
    * sistema de seguridad = security system, backup system.
    * tener la seguridad de = have + the security of.
    * tener la seguridad de que = rest + assured that.
    * tomar medidas de seguridad = take + safety precautions.
    * tomar medidas de seguridad más estrictas = tighten + security.
    * valla de seguridad = crush barrier.
    * válvula de seguridad = safety valve, pressure relief valve.
    * vigilante de seguridad = security guard.
    * volver a la seguridad de = burrow back into.
    * vulneración de la seguridad = security breach.
    * vulnerar la seguridad = breach + security.

    * * *
    la seguridad de los rehenes the safety of the hostages
    como medida de seguridad, mantengan los cinturones abrochados as a safety precaution please keep your seatbelts fastened
    cierre de seguridad safety catch
    por razones de seguridad, no se permite fumar for safety reasons, smoking is not permitted
    medidas de seguridad (contra accidentes, incendios) safety measures; (contra robos, atentados) security measures
    la empresa encargada de la seguridad del edificio the company responsible for the security of the building
    una prisión de alta seguridad a high security prison
    Compuestos:
    biosafety
    public safety
    la seguridad del estado state security, national security
    road safety
    B (estabilidad, garantía) security
    una alta seguridad para el inversor a high degree o level of security for the investor
    no ofrece ninguna seguridad it doesn't offer any security
    Compuesto:
    social security
    C
    1
    (certeza): no te lo puedo decir con seguridad I can't tell you for certain o for sure o ( frml) with any degree of certainty
    con seguridad se quedó dormido he's probably fallen asleep o ( colloq) I bet he's fallen asleep
    no me dio ninguna seguridad de tenerlo listo para mañana she didn't give me any assurances that she'd have it ready by tomorrow
    con toda seguridad te hace el favor you can be sure he'll do that for you
    2 (confianza, aplomo) confidence, self-confidence
    tiene mucha seguridad en sí mismo he's very sure of himself, he has a lot of self-confidence
    da una falsa impresión de seguridad he gives off a false impression of self-confidence
    * * *

     

    seguridad sustantivo femenino
    1 ( ausencia de peligro) safety;
    (protección contra robos, atentados) security;
    medidas de seguridad (contra accidentes, incendios) safety measures;


    (contra robos, atentados) security measures;

    seguridad ciudadana public safety
    2 (estabilidad, garantía) security;

    3

    podemos decir con seguridad que … we can say for sure o with certainty that …

    b) (confianza, aplomo) confidence, self-confidence

    seguridad sustantivo femenino
    1 (confianza) confidence: hablaba con mucha seguridad, he spoke with great self-confidence
    2 (certeza) sureness: ten la seguridad de que no te engañará, you can be certain that he won't deceive you
    con toda seguridad, surely
    3 (garantía) no me dan la seguridad de que me vayan a contratar, they won't guarantee that they'll hire me
    4 (contra accidentes) safety
    cinturón de seguridad, safety belt
    seguridad en el empleo, safety at work
    5 (contra robos, etc) security
    cerradura de seguridad, security lock 6 Seguridad Social, Social Security, GB National Health Service
    Recuerda que safety se refiere a la seguridad física, mientras que security hace referencia a la seguridad contra el delito.
    ' seguridad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alta
    - beneficio
    - cartilla
    - cierre
    - cinturón
    - confianza
    - copia
    - cotizar
    - cotización
    - específica
    - específico
    - inspección
    - red
    - responsable
    - SS
    - válvula
    - abrochar
    - ajustar
    - aportar
    - aporte
    - atentar
    - bóveda
    - burlar
    - caja
    - consejo
    - estado
    - falla
    - garantía
    - norma
    - potenciar
    - reforzar
    - riguroso
    - seguro
    English:
    around-the clock
    - asbestos
    - assurance
    - backup
    - bolster
    - buckle up
    - certainty
    - check
    - compromise
    - demonstrate
    - failsafe
    - health service
    - job security
    - most
    - National Insurance
    - NHS
    - pass
    - road safety
    - safe-deposit
    - safety
    - safety belt
    - safety net
    - screen
    - seal
    - seatbelt
    - security
    - Security Council
    - security forces
    - social insurance
    - social security
    - social welfare
    - speech
    - steward
    - strap in
    - tight
    - tighten
    - tighten up
    - unfasten
    - welfare
    - back
    - brim
    - doubt
    - fail
    - guard
    - harness
    - homeland
    - involve
    - national
    - pretense
    - record
    * * *
    1. [ausencia de peligro físico] safety;
    la seguridad de los pasajeros es nuestra prioridad passenger safety is our priority;
    de seguridad [cinturón, cierre] safety
    seguridad ciudadana public safety;
    la principal preocupación del electorado es la seguridad ciudadana the main concern of the electorate is law and order;
    seguridad en el trabajo safety at work o in the workplace;
    seguridad vial road safety
    2. [protección material, afectiva] security
    seguridad privada security firms;
    Seguridad Social Social Security
    3. [estabilidad, firmeza] security;
    una inversión que ofrece seguridad a safe o secure investment
    4. [certidumbre] certainty;
    con seguridad for sure, definitely;
    no lo sé con seguridad I don't know for sure o for certain;
    con toda seguridad with absolute certainty;
    tener la seguridad de que to be certain that
    5. [confianza] confidence;
    habla con mucha seguridad she speaks very confidently;
    seguridad en sí mismo self-confidence;
    mostrar una falsa seguridad to put on a show of confidence
    * * *
    f
    1 de tratamiento, puente safety;
    2 contra crimen security
    3 ( certeza) certainty;
    * * *
    1) : safety, security
    2) : (financial) security
    seguridad social: Social Security
    3) certeza: certainty, assurance
    con toda seguridad: with complete certainty
    4) : confidence, self-confidence
    * * *
    1. (contra robos, ataques, etc) security
    3. (certeza) certainty
    4. (confianza) confidence

    Spanish-English dictionary > seguridad

  • 15 desigual

    adj.
    1 different (diferente).
    2 changeable.
    3 unequal, irregular, different, asymmetric.
    4 rough, uneven, up-and-down.
    * * *
    1 (gen) unequal, uneven
    2 (diferente) different, unequal
    3 (irregular) uneven, irregular
    4 (no liso) uneven, rough
    5 (variable) changeable
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=diferente) different

    los ciudadanos reciben un trato desigual — people are treated differently, people are not treated equally o the same

    2) [lucha, batalla] unequal
    3) (=irregular) [terreno, calidad] uneven; [letra] erratic
    4) (=variable) [tiempo] changeable; [carácter] unpredictable
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( diferente)
    b) ( desequilibrado) < lucha> unequal; < fuerzas> unevenly-matched
    2) ( irregular) <terreno/superficie> uneven; < letra> uneven, irregular; < calidad> variable, varying (before n); < rendimiento> inconsistent, erratic
    * * *
    = patchy [patchier -comp., patchiest -sup.], uneven, unequal, asymmetric, inequal, inequitable, spotty, ragged, asymmetrical, craggy [craggier -comp., craggiest -sup.], lumpy [lumpier -comp., lumpiest -sup.], unbalanced, imbalanced.
    Ex. The retrospective bibliographic control mechanism is somewhat patchy but there are some large scale works.
    Ex. Not surprisingly this can lead to gaps in coverage, and uneven coverage of subjects.
    Ex. However, problems arose as a result of combining headings of unequal importance and the multiplicity of languages involved.
    Ex. These graphs are represented in the form of similarity matrices which are asymmetric.
    Ex. Statistics show the inequal geographical distribution of these libraries, with 74% of university libraries to be found in the north and central regions, while only 26% are found in the south.
    Ex. Librarianship is an occupation dominated by women and subject to inequitable compensation.
    Ex. Enforcement of library policies is spotty at best.
    Ex. Even in more mainstream publishing, despite the ubiquity of word processors, which can so easily produce justified text, ragged right margins are becoming more common, even fashionable.
    Ex. MPEG is more expensive and complicated but more powerful and better suited to asymmetrical applications such as CD-ROM data bases.
    Ex. This is a series of meditative poems in which the author chronicles an encounter with the craggy Atlantic coastline of Brittany.
    Ex. Between 9 and 12 months, lumpy or chopped foods, such as vegetables, meats, or cottage cheese, may be introduced.
    Ex. Another problem with the main classes is that are unbalanced.
    Ex. The article includes two great maps, which show regions in which there may be a danger of imbalanced markets.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( diferente)
    b) ( desequilibrado) < lucha> unequal; < fuerzas> unevenly-matched
    2) ( irregular) <terreno/superficie> uneven; < letra> uneven, irregular; < calidad> variable, varying (before n); < rendimiento> inconsistent, erratic
    * * *
    = patchy [patchier -comp., patchiest -sup.], uneven, unequal, asymmetric, inequal, inequitable, spotty, ragged, asymmetrical, craggy [craggier -comp., craggiest -sup.], lumpy [lumpier -comp., lumpiest -sup.], unbalanced, imbalanced.

    Ex: The retrospective bibliographic control mechanism is somewhat patchy but there are some large scale works.

    Ex: Not surprisingly this can lead to gaps in coverage, and uneven coverage of subjects.
    Ex: However, problems arose as a result of combining headings of unequal importance and the multiplicity of languages involved.
    Ex: These graphs are represented in the form of similarity matrices which are asymmetric.
    Ex: Statistics show the inequal geographical distribution of these libraries, with 74% of university libraries to be found in the north and central regions, while only 26% are found in the south.
    Ex: Librarianship is an occupation dominated by women and subject to inequitable compensation.
    Ex: Enforcement of library policies is spotty at best.
    Ex: Even in more mainstream publishing, despite the ubiquity of word processors, which can so easily produce justified text, ragged right margins are becoming more common, even fashionable.
    Ex: MPEG is more expensive and complicated but more powerful and better suited to asymmetrical applications such as CD-ROM data bases.
    Ex: This is a series of meditative poems in which the author chronicles an encounter with the craggy Atlantic coastline of Brittany.
    Ex: Between 9 and 12 months, lumpy or chopped foods, such as vegetables, meats, or cottage cheese, may be introduced.
    Ex: Another problem with the main classes is that are unbalanced.
    Ex: The article includes two great maps, which show regions in which there may be a danger of imbalanced markets.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (diferente): las mangas me quedaron desiguales one sleeve turned out longer ( o wider etc) than the other
    reciben un trato muy desigual they are treated very differently
    2 (desequilibrado) ‹lucha› unequal; ‹fuerzas› unevenly-matched
    B (irregular) ‹terreno/superficie› uneven; ‹letra› uneven, irregular; ‹calidad› variable, varying ( before n)
    su rendimiento ha sido desigual his performance has been variable o irregular o inconsistent
    * * *

    desigual adjetivo
    1

    las mangas quedaron desiguales one sleeve turned out longer (o wider etc) than the other


    fuerzas unevenly-matched
    2 ( irregular) ‹terreno/superficie uneven;
    letra uneven, irregular;
    calidad variable, varying ( before n);
    rendimiento inconsistent, erratic
    desigual adjetivo
    1 (irregular, poco igualado) uneven
    2 (descompensado) unequal
    3 (variable, cambiante) changeable
    ' desigual' also found in these entries:
    English:
    irregular
    - patchy
    - ragged
    - rough
    - unequal
    - variable
    - bumpy
    - erratic
    - mixed
    - one
    - uneven
    * * *
    1. [diferente] different;
    recibieron un trato desigual they weren't treated the same, they were treated differently;
    un triángulo de lados desiguales a triangle with unequal sides
    2. [irregular] [terreno, superficie] uneven;
    [alumno, actuación] inconsistent, erratic;
    su filmografía es de desigual calidad his movies o Br films are of varying quality;
    ha publicado varias novelas con desigual fortuna he has published several novels, with mixed results
    3. [poco equilibrado] [lucha, competición] unequal;
    [fuerzas, rivales] unevenly matched
    4. [variable] [tiempo] changeable;
    [temperaturas] variable; [persona, humor] changeable
    * * *
    adj
    1 reparto unequal
    2 terreno uneven, irregular
    * * *
    1) : unequal
    2) disparejo: uneven
    * * *
    1. (distinto) different
    2. (combate) unequal
    3. (tiempo, carácter) changeable
    4. (superficie, terreno) uneven

    Spanish-English dictionary > desigual

  • 16 provocar

    v.
    1 to provoke.
    El golpe provocó su muerte The blow brought about her death.
    Sus comentarios provocaron al borracho His comments provoked the drunk.
    2 to cause, to bring about (causar) (accidente, muerte).
    provocar las iras de alguien to anger somebody
    provocó las risas de todos he made everyone laugh
    el polvo me provoca estornudos dust makes me sneeze
    3 to lead on (excitar sexualmente).
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 to provoke
    \
    provocar el parto to induce birth
    provocar un incendio (con intención) to commit arson 2 (sin intención) to cause a fire
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=causar) [+ protesta, explosión] to cause, spark off; [+ fuego] to cause, start (deliberately); [+ cambio] to bring about, lead to; [+ proceso] to promote
    2) [+ parto] to induce, bring on
    3) [+ persona] [gen] to provoke; (=incitar) to rouse, stir up (to anger); (=tentar) to tempt, invite

    ¡no me provoques! — don't start me!

    provocar a algn a cólera o indignación — to rouse sb to fury

    4) [sexualmente] to rouse
    2. VI
    1) LAm (=gustar, apetecer)

    ¿te provoca un café? — would you like a coffee?, do you fancy a coffee?

    ¿qué le provoca? — what would you like?, what do you fancy?

    no me provoca la idea — the idea doesn't appeal to me, I don't fancy the idea

    -¿por qué no vas? -no me provoca — "why aren't you going?" - "I don't feel like it"

    no me provoca estudiar hoy — I'm not in the mood for studying today, I don't feel like studying today

    2) * (=vomitar) to be sick, throw up *
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < explosión> to cause; < incendio> to start; < polémica> to spark off, prompt
    b) (Med)

    provocar el parto — to induce labor*

    2) < persona> ( al enfado) to provoke; ( sexualmente) to lead... on
    2.
    provocar vi (Andes) ( apetecer)

    ¿le provoca un traguito? — do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

    * * *
    = provoke, spark off, trigger, induce, bring on, elicit, instigate, tease, evoke, titillate, ignite, rouse, stir up, spark, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], touch off, set off, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, bring about, precipitate, incite, touch + a (raw) nerve, give + rise to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.
    Ex. 3 different kinds of paper were deacidified by different aqueous and nonaqueous methods, and then treated to provoke accelerated attack of air pollutants.
    Ex. Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.
    Ex. Nevertheless, the fact that these general lists cannot serve for every application has triggered a search for more consistent approaches.
    Ex. Then, the reference librarian has better justification to buy and perhaps to induce others to contribute to the purchase.
    Ex. In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.
    Ex. This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.
    Ex. The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex. I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex. It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.
    Ex. However, some of the central premises of the film are flawed, and the risqué touches, whether racial or erotic innuendo, are primarily there to titillate and make the film seem hot and controversial.
    Ex. In turn, that change ignited a body of literature that discussed those cataloguers' future roles.
    Ex. The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.
    Ex. The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.
    Ex. The nineteenth century was, quite rightly, fearful of any system of spreading knowledge which might spark the tinder box of unrest.
    Ex. Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex. The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex. He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex. This decision touched off a battle of wills between the library and the government as well as a blitz of media publicity.
    Ex. The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex. Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.
    Ex. His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.
    Ex. Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.
    Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex. It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    Ex. Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.
    Ex. The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.
    Ex. That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.
    Ex. Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.
    ----
    * provocar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * provocar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * provocar el debate = prompt + discussion, spark + debate, stir + debate.
    * provocar escarnio = evoke + response.
    * provocar estragos = create + havoc, wreak + havoc, cause + havoc.
    * provocar estragos en = play + havoc with.
    * provocar la controversia = court + controversy.
    * provocar la ira de Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.
    * provocar menosprecio = evoke + scorn.
    * provocar sospechas = stir + suspicion.
    * provocar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.
    * provocar una guerra = ignite + war, precipitate + war.
    * provocar una protesta = call forth + protest.
    * provocar una reacción = cause + reaction, provoke + reaction.
    * provocar un ataque = provoke + attack.
    * provocar un cambio = bring about + change.
    * provocar un debate = ignite + debate.
    * provocar un diálogo = elicit + dialogue.
    * provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < explosión> to cause; < incendio> to start; < polémica> to spark off, prompt
    b) (Med)

    provocar el parto — to induce labor*

    2) < persona> ( al enfado) to provoke; ( sexualmente) to lead... on
    2.
    provocar vi (Andes) ( apetecer)

    ¿le provoca un traguito? — do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

    * * *
    = provoke, spark off, trigger, induce, bring on, elicit, instigate, tease, evoke, titillate, ignite, rouse, stir up, spark, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], touch off, set off, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, bring about, precipitate, incite, touch + a (raw) nerve, give + rise to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.

    Ex: 3 different kinds of paper were deacidified by different aqueous and nonaqueous methods, and then treated to provoke accelerated attack of air pollutants.

    Ex: Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.
    Ex: Nevertheless, the fact that these general lists cannot serve for every application has triggered a search for more consistent approaches.
    Ex: Then, the reference librarian has better justification to buy and perhaps to induce others to contribute to the purchase.
    Ex: In frequent cases, unionization is brought on by the inept or irresponsible action of management.
    Ex: This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.
    Ex: The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex: I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex: It is known that in ancient Rome the complexity of the administrative job evoked considerable development of management techniques.
    Ex: However, some of the central premises of the film are flawed, and the risqué touches, whether racial or erotic innuendo, are primarily there to titillate and make the film seem hot and controversial.
    Ex: In turn, that change ignited a body of literature that discussed those cataloguers' future roles.
    Ex: The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.
    Ex: The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.
    Ex: The nineteenth century was, quite rightly, fearful of any system of spreading knowledge which might spark the tinder box of unrest.
    Ex: Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex: The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex: He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex: This decision touched off a battle of wills between the library and the government as well as a blitz of media publicity.
    Ex: The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex: Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.
    Ex: His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.
    Ex: Untruth brings about ill reputation and indignity.
    Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex: It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    Ex: Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.
    Ex: The method of indexing called post-coordinate indexing gives rise to physical forms of indexes which differ from the more 'traditional' catalogues mentioned above.
    Ex: That crucial evidence was withheld from the final report could give cause to bring charges of criminal negligence.
    Ex: Many soldiers took advantage of the impoverished conditions giving occasion to assaults, rapes and murders.
    * provocar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * provocar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * provocar el debate = prompt + discussion, spark + debate, stir + debate.
    * provocar escarnio = evoke + response.
    * provocar estragos = create + havoc, wreak + havoc, cause + havoc.
    * provocar estragos en = play + havoc with.
    * provocar la controversia = court + controversy.
    * provocar la ira de Alguien = incur + Posesivo + wrath.
    * provocar menosprecio = evoke + scorn.
    * provocar sospechas = stir + suspicion.
    * provocar una crisis = precipitate + crisis.
    * provocar una guerra = ignite + war, precipitate + war.
    * provocar una protesta = call forth + protest.
    * provocar una reacción = cause + reaction, provoke + reaction.
    * provocar un ataque = provoke + attack.
    * provocar un cambio = bring about + change.
    * provocar un debate = ignite + debate.
    * provocar un diálogo = elicit + dialogue.
    * provocar un gran alboroto = make + a splash.
    * provocar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.

    * * *
    provocar [A2 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (causar, ocasionar) to cause
    un cigarrillo pudo provocar la explosión the explosion may have been caused by a cigarette
    una decisión que ha provocado violentas polémicas a decision which has sparked off o prompted violent controversy
    no se sabe qué provocó el incendio it is not known what started the fire
    2 ( Med):
    provocar el parto to induce labor*
    las pastillas le provocaron una reacción cutánea the pills caused o brought on a skin reaction
    el antígeno provoca la formación de anticuerpos the antigen stimulates the production of antibodies
    B ‹persona›
    1 (al enfado) to provoke
    2 (en sentido sexual) to lead … on
    ■ provocar
    vi
    ( Andes) (apetecer): ¿le provoca un traguito? do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? ( BrE colloq)
    ( refl):
    se disparó un tiro provocándose la muerte he shot (and killed) himself
    * * *

     

    provocar ( conjugate provocar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) explosión to cause;

    incendio to start;
    polémica to spark off, prompt;
    reacción to cause
    b) (Med) ‹ parto to induce

    2 persona› ( al enfado) to provoke;
    ( sexualmente) to lead … on
    verbo intransitivo (Andes) ( apetecer):
    ¿le provoca un traguito? do you want a drink?, do you fancy a drink? (BrE colloq)

    provocar verbo transitivo
    1 (causar) to cause: su decisión fue provocada por..., his decision was prompted by..., provocar un incendio, to start a fire
    2 (un parto, etc) to induce: tuvieron que provocarle el vómito, they had to make her vomit
    3 (irritar, enfadar) to provoke: no lo provoques, don't provoke him
    4 (la ira, etc) to rouse
    (un aplauso) to provoke
    5 (excitar el deseo sexual) to arouse, provoke

    ' provocar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    campanada
    - desatar
    - engendrar
    - hacer
    - motivar
    - organizar
    - pinchar
    - chulear
    - dar
    - meter
    - parto
    - reclamo
    - torear
    English:
    bait
    - bring
    - bring about
    - bring on
    - cause
    - excite
    - fight
    - incur
    - induce
    - instigate
    - invite
    - prompt
    - provoke
    - raise
    - rouse
    - roust
    - short-circuit
    - spark off
    - start
    - stir up
    - tease
    - trigger
    - disturbance
    - draw
    - elicit
    - evoke
    - short
    - spark
    - stir
    - taunt
    - whip
    - wreck
    * * *
    vt
    1. [incitar] to provoke;
    ¡no me provoques! don't provoke me!
    2. [causar] [accidente, muerte] to cause;
    [incendio, rebelión] to start; [sonrisa, burla] to elicit;
    una placa de hielo provocó el accidente the accident was caused by a sheet of black ice;
    provocó las risas de todos he made everyone laugh;
    el polvo me provoca estornudos dust makes me sneeze;
    su actitud me provoca más lástima que otra cosa her attitude makes me pity her more than anything else
    3. [excitar sexualmente] to lead on;
    le gusta provocar a los chicos con su ropa she likes to tease the boys with her clothes
    vi
    Carib, Col, Méx Fam [apetecer]
    ¿te provoca ir al cine? would you like to go to the movies?, Br do you fancy going to the cinema?;
    ¿te provoca un vaso de vino? would you like a glass of wine?, Br do you fancy a glass of wine?;
    ¿qué te provoca? what would you like to do?, Br what do you fancy doing?
    * * *
    v/t
    1 cause
    2 el enfado provoke
    3 sexualmente lead on
    4 parto induce
    5
    :
    ¿te provoca un café? S.Am. how about a coffee?
    * * *
    provocar {72} vt
    1) causar: to provoke, to cause
    2) irritar: to provoke, to pique
    * * *
    1. (en general) to cause
    2. (incendio) to start
    3. (una persona) to provoke

    Spanish-English dictionary > provocar

  • 17 représenter

    représenter [ʀ(ə)pʀezɑ̃te]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. transitive verb
       a. [peintre, romancier] to depict ; [photographie] to show
       b. ( = symboliser, signifier) to represent
    ils représentent 12% de la population they represent 12% of the population
       c. ( = jouer) to perform ; ( = mettre à l'affiche) to perform
    « Hamlet » fut représenté pour la première fois en 1603 "Hamlet" was first performed in 1603
       d. ( = agir au nom de) [+ ministre, pays] to represent
    2. reflexive verb
       a. ( = s'imaginer) to imagine
    * * *
    ʀəpʀezɑ̃te
    1.
    1) ( figurer) [tableau, dessin] to depict, to show; [peintre] to depict [paysage, situation]; to portray [personne]

    le décor représente un jardinThéâtre the scene shows a garden

    2) ( exprimer) to represent
    3) ( équivaloir à) to represent; ( signifier) to mean

    le vin représente 60% de la consommation d'alcool — wine accounts for 60% of alcohol consumption

    4) ( être mandataire de) to represent
    5) Théâtre ( jouer) to perform [pièce]; to put on [spectacle]

    2.
    se représenter verbe pronominal
    1) ( s'imaginer) to imagine [conséquences, scène, personne]
    2) ( survenir à nouveau) [occasion] to arise again; [problème] to crop up again

    se représenter aux électionsto stand GB ou run US for election again

    * * *
    ʀ(ə)pʀezɑ̃te vt
    1) [image] to show, to depict

    Le tableau représente un enfant et un chat. — The picture shows a child with a cat.

    2) (= symboliser) to represent
    3) POLITIQUE, [élu] to represent
    4) (= donner) [pièce, opéra] to perform
    * * *
    représenter verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( figurer) [tableau, dessin] to depict, to show; [peintre] to depict [paysage, scène, milieu, situation]; to portray [personne]; le décor représente un jardin Théât the scene shows a garden; le peintre l'a représenté en empereur romain the painter has portrayed him as a Roman emperor; on l'a représenté comme un héros he has been portrayed as a hero;
    2 ( exprimer) to represent; représenter les sons par des symboles to represent sounds by symbols; que représente ce signe? what does this sign represent?; face au reste, il représente la modération compared to the rest, he represents the moderate position; elle représente bien l'esprit de son époque she typifies the spirit of her age;
    3 ( équivaloir à) to represent; ( signifier) to mean; le prix d'une voiture représente deux ans de salaire a car represents two years' salary; cela représente trop de sacrifices/frais it means too many sacrifices/too much expense; il représente, à leurs yeux, le parfait employé in their eyes he is the perfect employee; les enfants représentent les deux tiers de la population children make up two thirds of the population; le vin représente 60% de la consommation d'alcool wine accounts for 60% of alcohol consumption; ce qui, à mes yeux, représente un exploit which, to my mind, is a considerable achievement;
    4 ( être mandataire de) to represent [personne, communauté, organisation]; se faire représenter par to be represented by; représenter la France à l'ONU/un congrès to represent France at the UN/a conference; représenter qn auprès d'un tribunal to represent sb in court;
    5 Comm to represent [entreprise];
    6 Théât ( jouer) to perform [pièce]; to put on [spectacle];
    7 ( faire percevoir) fml représenter qch à qn to point sth out to sb; représentez-lui les avantages de ce contrat point out the advantages of the contract to him/her.
    1 ( s'imaginer) to imagine [conséquences, scène, personne]; je me représente comment ça s'est produit I can imagine how it happened; on se la représente très bien en premier ministre one can just see her as Prime Minister; on a du mal à se le représenter en vaincu it's hard to see him as a beaten man; représentez-vous cette pauvre femme just picture that poor woman;
    2 ( survenir à nouveau) [occasion] to arise again; [problème] to crop up again; se représenter à qn or à l'esprit de qn [idée] to occur to sb again, to cross sb's mind again; lorsque l'occasion se représentera next time the opportunity arises; l'occasion ne se représentera pas there won't be another opportunity;
    3 ( être à nouveau candidat) se représenter à un examen to resit GB ou retake an examination; se représenter aux élections to stand GB ou run US for election again.
    [rəprezɑ̃te] verbe transitif
    la scène représente un intérieur bourgeois the scene is ou represents a middle-class interior
    2. [incarner] to represent
    elle représentait pour lui l'idéal féminin she represented ou symbolized ou embodied the feminine ideal for him
    [symboliser] to represent, to stand for (inseparable)
    3. [constituer] to represent, to account for (inseparable)
    les produits de luxe représentent 60 % de nos exportations luxury items account for ou make up 60% of our exports
    4. THÉÂTRE [faire jouer] to stage, to put on (separable)
    5. [être le représentant de] to represent
    le maire s'est fait représenter par son adjoint the mayor was represented by his deputy, the mayor sent his deputy to represent him
    si vous n'êtes pas disponible, faites-vous représenter if you are not available, have someone stand in for you ou delegate someone
    6. COMMERCE to be a representative of ou for
    7. (littéraire) [faire remarquer] to explain, to outline
    [mettre en garde quant à] to point out (separable)
    ————————
    se représenter verbe pronominal intransitif
    1. [à une élection] to stand (UK) ou to run (US) (for election) again
    [à un examen] to sit (UK) ou to take an examination again
    2. [se manifester à nouveau - problème] to crop ou to come up again
    ————————
    se représenter verbe pronominal transitif
    représentez-vous le scandale que c'était à l'époque! just imagine ou think how scandalous it was in those days!

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > représenter

  • 18 depresión

    f.
    1 depression, downheartedness, blue devils, low spirits.
    2 low-lying land, depressed land, basin, depression.
    3 recession, depression, decreased business activity, slump.
    4 embossment, cave, dimple.
    * * *
    1 depression
    depresión económica economic depression, slump
    \
    depresión nerviosa nervous breakdown
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) slump, recession
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Med) depression
    2) (=hondonada) [en terreno] depression; [en horizonte, camino] dip
    3) (=descenso) [de temperatura, presión] drop, fall (de in)
    4) (Econ) depression, recession
    5) (Meteo) depression
    * * *
    1) (Psic) depression
    2) (Meteo) depression
    * * *
    = blues, depression, hollow, pit, trough, divot [divet].
    Nota: Usado generalmente tanto para la depresión como para la plasta de césped que el jugador de golf a veces hac o levanta al intentar golpear la bola.
    Ex. Other speakers tackled the financial blues directly, discussing the most effective way of handling serials cancellations.
    Ex. The loneliness and isolation of families, particularly housewives, produced symptoms of stress and depression.
    Ex. It can certainly be status-conferring to let it be known in social conversation that one has read the latest Fay Weldon book, but if the group one is in never reads Fay Weldon anyway and could not care less what she has written then the victory is a somewhat hollow one.
    Ex. The 120 mm diameter disc contains more than 20,000 tracks within which sound is represented in the same physical form (by microscopic pits and plateaus) as in an optical video disc.
    Ex. Public libraries have continued to expand since the trough of the 1950s.
    Ex. The only problem with divots is when you walk along the golf course and see them strewn about like so much 'Fairway Roadkill'.
    ----
    * depresión de invierno = seasonal depression.
    * depresión del lunes = Monday blues.
    * depresión del lunes por la mañana = Monday-morning blues.
    * depresión económica = economic depression, economic doldrums.
    * depresión maníaca = manic depression.
    * depresión nerviosa = breakdown, nervous breakdown.
    * Gran Depresión, la = Depression, the, Great Depression, the.
    * llena de depresiones = pitted.
    * maniaco-depresión = manic depression.
    * sufrir una depresión nerviosa = have + a breakdown.
    * * *
    1) (Psic) depression
    2) (Meteo) depression
    * * *
    = blues, depression, hollow, pit, trough, divot [divet].
    Nota: Usado generalmente tanto para la depresión como para la plasta de césped que el jugador de golf a veces hac o levanta al intentar golpear la bola.

    Ex: Other speakers tackled the financial blues directly, discussing the most effective way of handling serials cancellations.

    Ex: The loneliness and isolation of families, particularly housewives, produced symptoms of stress and depression.
    Ex: It can certainly be status-conferring to let it be known in social conversation that one has read the latest Fay Weldon book, but if the group one is in never reads Fay Weldon anyway and could not care less what she has written then the victory is a somewhat hollow one.
    Ex: The 120 mm diameter disc contains more than 20,000 tracks within which sound is represented in the same physical form (by microscopic pits and plateaus) as in an optical video disc.
    Ex: Public libraries have continued to expand since the trough of the 1950s.
    Ex: The only problem with divots is when you walk along the golf course and see them strewn about like so much 'Fairway Roadkill'.
    * depresión de invierno = seasonal depression.
    * depresión del lunes = Monday blues.
    * depresión del lunes por la mañana = Monday-morning blues.
    * depresión económica = economic depression, economic doldrums.
    * depresión maníaca = manic depression.
    * depresión nerviosa = breakdown, nervous breakdown.
    * Gran Depresión, la = Depression, the, Great Depression, the.
    * llena de depresiones = pitted.
    * maniaco-depresión = manic depression.
    * sufrir una depresión nerviosa = have + a breakdown.

    * * *
    A ( Psic) depression
    Compuesto:
    postnatal depression
    B (en un terreno) depression
    C ( Econ) depression grande1 (↑ grande (1))
    D ( Meteo) depression
    Compuestos:
    depresión atmosférica or barométrica
    atmospheric o barometric depression
    tropical depression
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    de presión    
    depresión
    depresión sustantivo femenino
    depression
    depresión sustantivo femenino
    1 (psicológica) depression
    depresión nerviosa, nervous breakdown
    depresión postparto, postnatal depression
    2 (financiera, comercial) depresión económica, economic crisis, slump
    3 Meteor depression
    4 (del terreno) hollow, depression
    ' depresión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aplanamiento
    - con
    - incapacitar
    - badén
    - desnivel
    - hoyo
    - salir
    English:
    depression
    - dip
    - hollow
    - set in
    - slump
    - spirit
    - subject
    - trough
    - ultimately
    * * *
    1. [anímica] depression
    depresión nerviosa nervous breakdown;
    depresión posparto postnatal o postpartum depression;
    depresión puerperal postnatal o postpartum depression
    2. [económica] depression
    3. [en superficie, terreno] hollow, depression
    4. Meteo depresión atmosférica atmospheric depression;
    depresión barométrica atmospheric depression
    5. Náut
    depresión del horizonte dip of the horizon
    * * *
    f MED depression
    * * *
    depresión nf, pl - siones
    1) : depression
    2) : hollow, recess
    3) : drop, fall
    4) : slump, recession
    * * *
    depresión n depression

    Spanish-English dictionary > depresión

  • 19 πνεῦμα

    πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (πνέω; Aeschyl., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. On the history of the word s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 308ff).
    air in movement, blowing, breathing (even the glowing exhalations of a volcanic crater: Diod S 5, 7, 3)
    wind (Aeschyl. et al.; LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 343; 349; SibOr 8, 297) in wordplay τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ the wind blows J 3:8a (EpJer 60 πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ. But s. TDonn, ET 66, ’54f, 32; JThomas, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 219–24). ὀθόνη πλοίου ὑπὸ πνεύματος πληρουμένη MPol 15:2. Of God ὁ ποιῶν τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα who makes his angels winds Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both Ps 103:4).
    the breathing out of air, blowing, breath (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Tim. 79b; LXX) ὁ ἄνομος, ὅν ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6).
    that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit (Aeschyl. et al.; Phoenix of Colophon 1, 16 [Coll. Alex. p. 231] πν.=a breathing entity [in contrast to becoming earth in death]; Polyb. 31, 10, 4; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 394b, 8ff; PHib 5, 54 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 538; 658; 2499; LXX; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 19 [Stone p. 44] al.; JosAs 19:3; SibOr 4, 46; Tat. 4:2) ἀφιέναι τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit, breathe one’s last (Eur., Hec. 571; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 2) Mt 27:50. J says for this παραδιδόναι τὸ πν. 19:3 (cp. ApcMos 31 ἀποδῶ τὸ πν.; Just., D. 105, 5). Of the return of the (life-)spirit of a deceased person into her dead body ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πν. αὐτῆς Lk 8:55 (cp. Jdg 15:19). εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πν. μου into your hands I entrust my spirit 23:46 (Ps 30:6; for alleged focus on ἐλπίζειν s. EBons, BZ 38, ’94, 93–101). κύριε Ἰησοῦ, δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου Ac 7:59; composite of both passages AcPl Ha 10, 23 (cp. ApcMos 42). τὸ πν. μου ὁ δεσπότης δέξεται GJs 23:3 (on the pneuma flying upward after death cp. Epicharm. in Vorsokrat. 23 [=13, 4th ed.], B 9 and 22; Eur., Suppl. 533 πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα, τὸ σῶμα δʼ ἐς γῆν; PGM 1, 177ff τελευτήσαντός σου τὸ σῶμα περιστελεῖ, σοῦ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα … εἰς ἀέρα ἄξει σὺν αὑτῷ ‘when you are dead [the angel] will wrap your body … and take your spirit with him into the sky’). τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πν. νεκρόν ἐστιν Js 2:26. πν. ζωῆς ἐκ τ. θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the prophet-witnesses who have been martyred) Rv 11:11 (cp. Ezk 37:10 v.l. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοὺς πνεῦμα ζωῆς; vs. 5). Of the spirit that animated the image of a beast, and enabled it to speak and to have Christians put to death 13:15.—After a person’s death, the πν. lives on as an independent being, in heaven πνεύματα δικαὶων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23 (cp. Da 3:86 εὐλογεῖτε, πνεύματα καὶ ψυχαὶ δικαίων, τὸν κύριον). According to non-biblical sources, the πν. are in the netherworld (cp. En 22:3–13; Sib Or 7, 127) or in the air (PGM 1, 178), where evil spirits can prevent them from ascending higher (s. ἀήρ2b). τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν 1 Pt 3:19 belongs here if it refers to Jesus’ preaching to the spirits of the dead confined in Hades (so Usteri et al.; s. also JMcCulloch, The Harrowing of Hell, 1930), whether it be when he descended into Hades, or when he returned to heaven (so RBultmann, Bekenntnis u. Liedfragmente im 1 Pt: ConNeot11, ’47, 1–14).—CClemen, Niedergefahren zu den Toten 1900; JTurmel, La Descente du Christ aux enfers 1905; JMonnier, La Descente aux enfers 1906; HHoltzmann, ARW 11, 1908, 285–97; KGschwind, Die Niederfahrt Christi in die Unterwelt 1911; DPlooij, De Descensus in 1 Pt 3:19 en 4:6: TT 47, 1913, 145–62; JBernard, The Descent into Hades a Christian Baptism (on 1 Pt 3:19ff): Exp. 8th ser., 11, 1916, 241–74; CSchmidt, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern: TU 43, 1919, 452ff; JFrings, BZ 17, 1926, 75–88; JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; RGanschinietz, Katabasis: Pauly-W. X/2, 1919, 2359–449; Clemen2 89–96; WBieder, Die Vorstellung v. d. Höllenfahrt Jesu Chr. ’49; SJohnson, JBL 79, ’60, 48–51; WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits ’65. S. also the lit. in Windisch, Hdb.2 1930, exc. on 1 Pt 3:20; ESelwyn, The First Ep. of St. Peter ’46 and 4c below.—This is prob. also the place for θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκὶ ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι• ἐν ᾧ καὶ … 1 Pt 3:18f (some mss. read πνεύματι instead of πνεύμασιν in vs. 19, evidently in ref. to the manner of Jesus’ movement; πνεῦμα is that part of Christ which, in contrast to σάρξ, did not pass away in death, but survived as an individual entity after death; s. ἐν 7). Likew. the contrast κατὰ σάρκα … κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 1:3f. Cp. 1 Ti 3:16.
    a part of human personality, spirit
    when used with σάρξ, the flesh, it denotes the immaterial part 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5. Flesh and spirit=the whole personality, in its outer and inner aspects, oft. in Ign.: IMg 1:2; 13:1a; ITr ins; 12:1; IRo ins; ISm 1:1; IPol 5:1; AcPl Ant 13, 18 (=Aa I 237, 3).—In the same sense beside σῶμα, the body (Simplicius, In Epict. p. 50, 1; Ps.-Phoc. 106f; PGM 1, 178) 1 Cor 5:3–5; 7:34.—The inner life of humans is divided into ψυχὴ καὶ πνεῦμα (cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 10 p. 370c τὶ θεῖον ὄντως ἐνῆν πνεῦμα τῇ ψυχῇ=a divine spirit was actually in the soul; Wsd 15:11; Jos., Ant. 1, 34; Tat. 13, 2; 15, 1 et al.; Ath. 27, 1. S. also Herm. Wr. 10, 13; 16f; PGM 4, 627; 630. ἐκ τριῶν συνεστάναι λέγουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ πνεύματος Did., Gen. 55, 14) Hb 4:12. Cp. Phil 1:27. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα 1 Th 5:23 (s. GMilligan, Thess. 1908, 78f; EvDobschütz in Meyer X7 1909, 230ff; EBurton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh 1918; AFestugière, La Trichotomie des 1 Th 5:23 et la Philos. gr.: RSR 20, 1930, 385–415; CMasson, RTP 33, ’45, 97–102; FGrant, An Introd. to NT Thought ’50, 161–66). σαρκί, ψυχῇ, πνεύματι IPhld 11:2.
    as the source and seat of insight, feeling, and will, gener. as the representative part of human inner life (cp. PGM 4, 627; 3 Km 20:5; Sir 9:9 al.; Just., D. 30, 1; Did., Gen. 232, 5) ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ Mk 2:8. ἀναστενάξας τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ λέγει 8:12 (s. ἀναστενάζω). ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πν. μου Lk 1:47 (in parallelism w. ψυχή vs. 46, as Sir 9:9). ἠγαλλιάσατο τῷ πν. 10:21 v.l., Ἰησοῦς ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πν. J 11:33 (s. ἐμβριμάομαι 3); Ἰης. ἐταράχθη τῷ πν. 13:21. παρωξύνετο τὸ πν. αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ Ac 17:16; ζέων τῷ πν. with spirit-fervor 18:25 (s. ζέω). τὸ παιδίον ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι Lk 1:80; 2:40 v.l.; ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πν. Paul made up his mind Ac 19:21 (some would put this pass. in 6c, but cp. Lk 1:66 and analogous formulations Hom. et al. in L-S-J-M s.v. τίθημι A6). προσκυνήσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ ἐν πνεύματι of the spiritual, i.e. the pure, inner worship of God, that has nothing to do w. holy times, places, appurtenances, or ceremonies J 4:23; cp. vs. 24b. πν. συντετριμμένον (Ps 50:19) 1 Cl 18:17; 52:4.—2 Cl 20:4; Hv 3, 12, 2; 3, 13, 2.—This usage is also found in Paul. His conviction (s. 5 below) that the Christian possesses the (divine) πνεῦμα and thus is different fr. all other people, leads him to choose this word in preference to others, in order to characterize a believer’s inner being gener. ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πν. μου Ro 1:9. οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πν. μου 2 Cor 2:13. Cp. 7:13. As a matter of fact, it can mean simply a person’s very self or ego: τὸ πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν the Spirit (of God) bears witness to our very self Ro 8:16 (cp. PGM 12, 327 ἠκούσθη μου τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπὸ πνεύματος οὐρανοῦ). ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πν. καὶ τὸ ὑμῶν they have refreshed both me and you 1 Cor 16:18. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. μετά τοῦ πν. (ὑμῶν) Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25. Cp. 2 Ti 4:22. Likew. in Ign. τὸ ἐμὸν πν. my (unworthy) self IEph 18:1; IRo 9:3; cp. 1 Cor 2:11a—On the relation of the divine Spirit to the believer’s spiritual self, s. SWollenweider, Der Geist Gottes als Selbst der Glaubenden: ZTK 93, ’96, 163–92.—Only a part of the inner life, i.e. that which concerns the will, is meant in τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. That which is inferior, anxiety, fear of suffering, etc. is attributed to the σάρξ.—The mng. of the expr. οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 is difficult to determine w. certainty (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a πένης ἀνὴρ τὴν ψυχήν. The dat. as τῇ ψυχῇ M. Ant. 6, 52; 8, 51). The sense is prob. those who are poor in their inner life, because they do not have a misdirected pride in their own spiritual riches (s. AKlöpper, Über den Sinn u. die ursprgl. Form der ersten Seligpreisung der Bergpredigt bei Mt: ZWT 37, 1894, 175–91; RKabisch, Die erste Seligpreisung: StKr 69, 1896, 195–215; KKöhler, Die ursprgl. Form der Seligpreisungen: StKr 91, 1918, 157–92; JBoehmer, De Schatkamer 17, 1923, 11–16, TT [Copenhagen] 4, 1924, 195–207, JBL 45, 1926, 298–304; WMacgregor, ET 39, 1928, 293–97; VMacchioro, JR 12, ’32, 40–49; EEvans, Theology 47, ’44, 55–60; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 134ff; Betz, SM 116 n. 178 for Qumran reff.).
    spiritual state, state of mind, disposition ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος with love and a gentle spirit 1 Cor 4:21; cp. Gal 6:1. τὸ πν. τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν Eph 4:23 (s. νοῦς 2a). ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος with the imperishable (gift) of a quiet disposition 1 Pt 3:4.
    an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit (ELangton, Good and Evil Spirits ’42).
    God personally: πνεῦμα ὁ θεός J 4:24a (Ath. 16, 2; on God as a spirit, esp. in the Stoa, s. MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48/49. Hdb. ad loc. Also Celsus 6, 71 [Stoic]; Herm. Wr. 18, 3 ἀκάματον μέν ἐστι πνεῦμα ὁ θεός).
    good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings (cp. CIG III, 5858b δαίμονες καὶ πνεύματα; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 69, 6; 12 Pasqu.; En 15:4; 6; 8; 10; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15f [Stone p. 10, 15f] πάντα τὰ ἐπουράνια πνεύματα; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82] ὑψηλὸν πν.; PGM 3, 8 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, ἱερὸν πνεῦμα; 4, 1448; 3080; 12, 249) πνεῦμα w. ἄγγελος (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 108; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 33; 8, 12) Ac 23:8f. God is ὁ παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης καὶ ἐπίσκοπος 1 Cl 59:3b.—Pl., God the μόνος εὐεργέτης πνεύματων 1 Cl 59:3a. Cp. 64 (s. on this Num 16:22; 27:16. Prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 351–55=LAE 423ff=SIG 1181, 2] τὸν θεὸν τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων; PGM 5, 467 θεὸς θεῶν, ὁ κύριος τῶν πν.; sim. the magic pap PWarr 21, 24; 26 [III A.D.]); the πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9. Intermediary beings (in polytheistic terminology: δαίμονες) that serve God are called λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα Hb 1:14. In Rv we read of the ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (τοῦ θεοῦ) 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6; s. ASkrinjar, Biblica 16, ’35, 1–24; 113–40.— Ghost Lk 24:37, 39.
    evil spirits (PGM 13, 798; 36, 160; TestJob 27, 2; ApcSed [both Satan]; AscIs 3:28; Just., D. 39, 6 al.; Ath. 25, 3), esp. in accounts of healing in the Synoptics: (τὸ) πνεῦμα (τὸ) ἀκάθαρτον (Just., D. 82, 3) Mt 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26; 3:30; 5:2, 8; 7:25; 9:25a; Lk 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Rv 18:2. Pl. (TestBenj 5:2) Mt 10:1; Mk 1:27; 3:11; 5:13; 6:7; Lk 4:36; 6:18; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.—τὸ πν. τὸ πονηρόν Ac 19:15f. Pl. (En 99:7; TestSim 4:9; 6:6, TestJud 16:1; Just., D. 76, 6) Lk 7:21; 8:2; Ac 19:12f.—πν. ἄλαλον Mk 9:17; cp. vs. 25b (s. ἄλαλος). πν. πύθων Ac 16:16 (s. πύθων). πν. ἀσθενείας Lk 13:11. Cp. 1 Ti 4:1b. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου (s. δαιμόνιον 2) Lk 4:33. πνεύματα δαιμονίων Rv 16:14 (in effect = personified ‘exhalations’ of evil powers; for the combination of πν. and δαιμ. cp. the love spell Sb 4324, 16f τὰ πνεύματα τῶν δαιμόνων τούτων).—Abs. of a harmful spirit Mk 9:20; Lk 9:39; Ac 16:18. Pl. Mt 8:16; 12:45; Lk 10:20; 11:26.—1 Pt 3:19 (s. 2 above) belongs here if the πνεύματα refer to hostile spirit-powers, evil spirits, fallen angels (so FSpitta, Christi Predigt an die Geister 1890; HGunkel, Zum religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 72f; WBousset, ZNW 19, 1920, 50–66; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919, 25ff; Knopf, Windisch, FHauck ad loc.; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, esp. 54–56, 69).—Hermas also has the concept of evil spirits that lead an independent existence, and live and reign within the inner life of a pers.; the Holy Spirit, who also lives or would like to live there, is forced out by them (cp. TestDan 4) Hm 5, 1, 2–4; 5, 2, 5–8; 10, 1, 2. τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον … ἕτερον πονηρὸν πν. 5, 1, 2. These πνεύματα are ὀξυχολία 5, 1, 3; 5, 2, 8 (τὸ πονηρότατον πν.); 10, 1, 2; διψυχία 9:11 (ἐπίγειον πν. ἐστι παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου); 10, 1, 2; λύπη 10, 1, 2 (πάντων τῶν πνευμάτων πονηροτέρα) and other vices. On the complicated pneuma-concept of the Mandates of Hermas s. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. Leutzsch, Hermas 453f n. 133.
    God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit as that which differentiates God fr. everything that is not God, as the divine power that produces all divine existence, as the divine element in which all divine life is carried on, as the bearer of every application of the divine will. All those who belong to God possess or receive this spirit and hence have a share in God’s life. This spirit also serves to distinguish Christians fr. all unbelievers (cp. PGM 4, 1121ff, where the spirit is greeted as one who enters devotees and, in accordance w. God’s will, separates them fr. themselves, i.e. fr. the purely human part of their nature); for this latter aspect s. esp. 6 below.
    the Spirit of God, of the Lord (=God) etc. (LXX; TestSim 4:4; JosAs 8:11; ApcSed 14:6; 15:6; ApcMos 43; SibOr 3, 701; Ps.-Phoc. 106; Philo; Joseph. [s. c below]; apolog. Cp. Plut., Numa 4, 6 πνεῦμα θεοῦ, capable of begetting children; s. παρθένος a) τὸ πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:11b, 14; 3:16; 6:11; 1J 4:2a (Just., D. 49, 3; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 22, 3). τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πν. 1 Pt 4:14 (Just., A I, 60, 6). τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12b. τὸ πν. κυρίου Ac 5:9; B 6:14; B 9:2 (cp. Mel., P. 32, 222). τὸ πνεῦμά μου or αὐτοῦ: Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1); Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f.—Cp. 1QS 4:21); 1 Cor 2:10a v.l.; Eph 3:16; 1 Th 4:8 (where τὸ ἅγιον is added); 1J 4:13.—τὸ πν. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 10:20. τὸ πν. τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ro 8:11a.—Without the art. πν. θεοῦ (JosAs 4:9; Tat. 15:3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 18]) the Spirit of God Mt 3:16; 12:28; Ro 8:9b, 14, 19; 1 Cor 7:40; 12:3a; 2 Cor 3:3 (πν. θεοῦ ζῶντος); Phil 3:3. πν. κυρίου Lk 4:18 (Is 61:1); Ac 8:39 (like J 3:8; 20:22; Ac 2:4, this pass. belongs on the borderline betw. the mngs. ‘wind’ and ‘spirit’; cp. Diod S 3, 60, 3 Ἕσπερον ἐξαίφνης ὑπὸ πνευμάτων συναρπαγέντα μεγάλων ἄφαντον γενέσθαι ‘Hesperus [a son of Atlas] was suddenly snatched by strong winds and vanished fr. sight’. S. HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919, 19ff; OCullmann, TZ. 4, ’48, 364); 1 Cl 21:2.
    the Spirit of Christ, of the Lord (=Christ) etc. τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ Ac 16:7. τὸ πν. Χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:32. τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πν. Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:11. πν. Χριστοῦ Ro 8:9c. πν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPl Ha 8, 18. ἀπὸ τοῦ πν. τοῦ χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:10. τὸ πν. Ἰης. Χριστοῦ Phil 1:19. τὸ πν. κυρίου 2 Cor 3:17b (JHermann, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61). τὸ πν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ (=θεοῦ) Gal 4:6. As possessor of the divine Spirit, and at the same time controlling its distribution among humans, Christ is called κύριος πνεύματος Lord of the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18 (s. Windisch ad loc.); but many prefer to transl. from the Lord who is the Spirit.—CMoule, OCullmann Festschr., ’72, 231–37.
    Because of its heavenly origin and nature this Spirit is called (the) Holy Spirit (cp. PGM 4, 510 ἵνα πνεύσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πνεῦμα.—Neither Philo nor Josephus called the Spirit πν. ἅγιον; the former used θεῖον or θεοῦ πν., the latter πν. θεῖον: Ant. 4, 118; 8, 408; 10, 239; but ἅγιον πνεῦμα Orig. C. Cels 1, 40, 16).
    α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (Is 63:10f; Ps 50:13; 142:10 v.l.; cp. Sus 45 Theod.; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 10 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 8:11 [codd. ADE]; AscIs 3, 15, 26; Just., D. 36, 6 al.) Mt 12:32 = Mk 3:29 = Lk 12:10 (τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα; on the ‘sin against the Holy Spirit’ s. HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 96–112; AFridrichsen, Le péché contre le Saint-Esprit: RHPR 3, 1923, 367–72). Mk 12:36; 13:11; Lk 2:26; 3:22; 10:21; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; 2:33; 5:3, 32; 7:51; 8:18 v.l.; 10:44, 47; 11:15; 13:2; 15:8, 28; 19:6; 20:23, 28; 21:11; 28:25; Eph 1:13 (τὸ πν. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἅγιον); 4:30 (τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ); Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 16:2; 18:11 (Ps 50:13); 22:1; IEph 9:1; Hs 5, 5, 2; 5, 6, 5–7 (on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to the Son in Hermas s. ALink, Christi Person u. Werk im Hirten des Hermas 1886; JvWalter, ZNW 14, 1913, 133–44; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. following Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 572–76).—τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα (Wsd 9:17; OdeSol 11:2; TestJob 51:2; ApcEsdr 7:16; Just. D. 25, 1 al.) Mt 28:19; Lk 12:10 (s. above), 12; Ac 1:8; 2:38 (epexegetic gen.); 4:31; 9:31; 10:45; 13:4; 16:6; 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 13:13; 1J 5:7 v.l. (on the Comma Johanneum s. λόγο 3); GJs 24:4 (s. χρηματίζω 1bα). As the mother of Jesus GHb 20, 61 (HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 64ff; SHirsch, D. Vorstellg. v. e. weibl. πνεῦμα ἅγ. im NT u. in d. ältesten christl. Lit. 1927. Also WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 9ff).
    β. without the art. (s. B-D-F §257, 2; Rob. 761; 795) πνεῦμα ἅγιον (PGM 3, 289; Da 5:12 LXX; PsSol 17:37; AssMos Fgm. b; Just., D. 4, 1 al.; Ath. 24, 1. S. also Da Theod. 4:8, 9, 18 θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἅγιον or πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἅγιον) Mk 1:8; Lk 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25; 4:1; 11:13; J 20:22 (Cassien, La pentecôte johannique [J 20:19–23] ’39.—See also 1QS 4:20f); Ac 2:4a; 4:8; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:24; 13:9; 19:2ab; Hb 2:4; 6:4; 1 Pt 1:12 v.l.; 1 Cl 2:2; AcPl 6:18; 9:4 (restored after Aa I 110, 11); AcPlCor 2:5.—So oft. in combination w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου Ac 1:2; 4:25; Ro 5:5; 2 Ti 1:14; 1 Cl 8:1 (cp. διὰ πν. αἰωνίου Hb 9:14). διὰ φωνῆς πν. ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 6. ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου (Eus., PE 3, 12, 3 of the Egyptians: ἐκ τ. πνεύματος οἴονται συλλαμβάνειν τὸν γῦπα. Here πνεῦμα= ‘wind’; s. Horapollo 1, 11 p. 14f. The same of other birds since Aristot.—On the neut. πνεῦμα as a masc. principle cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 13 of the two original principles: πατέρα μὲν φῶς, μητέρα δὲ σκότος) Mt 1:18, 20; IEph 18:2; GJs 14:2; 19:1 (pap). ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (PsSol 17:37; ApcZeph; Ar. 15, 1) Mt 3:11; Mk 1:8 v.l.; Lk 3:16; J 1:33b; Ac 1:5 (cp. 1QS 3:7f); 11:16; Ro 9:1; 14:17; 15:16; 1 Cor 12:3b; 2 Cor 6:6; 1 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 1:12 (without ἐν v.l.); Jd 20. ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου 2 Pt 1:21. Cp. ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου Ro 15:13, 19 v.l. (for πνεύματος θεοῦ). μετὰ χαρᾶς πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6. διὰ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου Tit 3:5.
    abs.
    α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα. In this connection the art. is perh. used anaphorically at times, w. the second mention of a word (s. B-D-F §252; Rob. 762); perh. Mt 12:31 (looking back to vs. 28 πν. θεοῦ); Mk 1:10, 12 (cp. vs. 8 πν. ἅγιον); Lk 4:1b, 14 (cp. vs. 1a); Ac 2:4b (cp. vs. 4a).—As a rule it is not possible to assume that anaphora is present: Mt 4:1; J 1:32, 33a; 3:6a, 8b (in wordplay), 34; 7:39a; Ac 8:29; 10:19; 11:12, 28; 19:1 D; 20:3 D, 22; 21:4; Ro 8:23 (ἀπαρχή 1bβ; 2), 26a, 27; 12:11; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:22 and 5:5 (KErlemann, ZNW 83, ’92, 202–23, and s. ἀρραβών); 12:18 (τῷ αὐτῷ πν.); Gal 3:2, 5, 14 (ἐπαγγελία 1bβ); Eph 4:3 (gen. of the author); 6:17 (perh. epexegetic gen.); 1 Ti 4:1a; Js 4:5; 1J 3:24; 5:6ab (some mss. add καὶ πνεύματος to the words διʼ ὕδατος κ. αἵματος at the beg. of the verse; this is approved by HvSoden, Moffatt, Vogels, Merk, and w. reservations by CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46, TManson, JTS 48, ’47, 25–33), vs. 8; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 14:13; 22:17; B 19:2, B 7= D 4:10 (s. ἐτοιμάζω b). ἐν τῷ πνεύματι (led) by the Spirit Lk 2:27.—Paul links this Spirit of God, known to every Christian, with Christ as liberating agent in contrast to legal constraint ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμα ἐστιν the Lord means Spirit 2 Cor 3:17a (UHolzmeister, 2 Cor 3:17 Dominus autem Spiritus est 1908; JNisius, Zur Erklärung v. 2 Cor 3:16ff: ZKT 40, 1916, 617–75; JKögel, Ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 35–46; C Guignebert, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. II 1928, 7–22; EFuchs, Christus u. d. Geist b. Pls ’32; HHughes, ET 45, ’34, 235f; CLattey, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 187–89; DGriffiths ET 55, ’43, 81–83; HIngo, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61 [Paul]; JDunn, JTS 21, ’70, 309–20).
    β. without the art. πνεῦμα B 1:3. κοινωνία πνεύματος Phil 2:1 (κοινωνία 1 and 2). πνεύματι in the Spirit or through the Spirit Gal 3:3; 5:5, 16, 18; 1 Pt 4:6. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν if we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit Gal 5:25. Freq. used w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. ἐξ (ὕδατος καὶ) πνεύματος J 3:5. ἐν πνεύματι in, by, through the Spirit Mt 22:43; Eph 2:22; 3:5; 5:18; 6:18; Col 1:8 (ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι love called forth by the Spirit); B 9:7. κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4f; Gal 4:29. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2 (s. ἁγιασμός).—In neg. expressions: οὔπω ἧν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39b. ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες worldly people, who do not have the Spirit Jd 19.—ἓν πνεῦμα one and the same Spirit 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 2:18; 4:4; one (in) Spirit 1 Cor 6:17.
    The Spirit is more closely defined by a gen. of thing: τὸ πν. τῆς ἀληθείας (TestJud 20:5) J 14:17; 15:26; 16:13 (in these three places the Spirit of Truth is the Paraclete promised by Jesus upon his departure); 1J 4:6 (opp. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, as TestJud 20:1; PsSol 8:14 πλ. πλανήσεως; Just., D. 7, 3 πλάνου καὶ ἀκαθάρτου πνεύματος; cp. 1QS 4:23); τὸ τῆς δόξης πν. 1 Pt 4:14. τὸ πν. τῆς ζωῆς the Spirit of life Ro 8:2. το πν. τῆς πίστεως 2 Cor 4:13. πν. σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως Eph 1:17 (cp. Just., D. 87, 4). πν. υἱοθεσίας Ro 8:15b (opp. πν. δουλείας vs. 15a). πν. δυνάμεως AcPl Ha 8, 25. πν. δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ 2 Ti 1:7 (opp. πν. δειλίας). τὸ πν. τῆς χάριτος (s. TestJud 24:2) Hb 10:29 (Zech 12:10); cp. 1 Cl 46:6.
    Of Christ ‘it is written’ in Scripture: (ἐγένετο) ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν 1 Cor 15:45. The scripture pass. upon which the first part of this verse is based is Gen 2:7, where Wsd 15:11 also substitutes the words πνεῦμα ζωτικόν for πνοὴν ζωῆς (cp. Just., D. 6, 2). On the other hand, s. Philo, Leg. All. 1, 42 and s. the lit. s.v. Ἀδάμ ad loc.
    The (divine) Pneuma stands in contrast to everything that characterizes this age or the finite world gener.: οὐ τὸ πν. τοῦ κόσμου ἀλλὰ τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12; cp. Eph 2:2 and 1 Ti 4:1ab.
    α. in contrast to σάρξ, which is more closely connected w. sin than any other earthly material (Just., D. 135, 6): J 3:6; Ro 8:4–6, 9a, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:17ab; 6:8. Cp. B 10:9. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος στρατεύεται Pol 5:3.
    β. in contrast to σῶμα (=σάρξ) Ro 8:10 and to σάρξ (=σῶμα, as many hold) J 6:63a (for τὸ πν. ἐστιν τὸ ζῳοποιοῦν cp. Philo, Op. Mund. 30; Herm. Wr. in Cyrill., C. Jul. I 556c=542, 24 Sc. the pneuma τὰ πάντα ζῳοποιεῖ καὶ τρέφει. S. also f above). Cp. Ro 8:11b.
    γ. in contrast to γράμμα, which is the characteristic quality of God’s older declaration of the divine will in the law: Ro 2:29; 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6ab, 8 (cp. vs. 7).
    δ. in contrast to the wisdom of humans 1 Cor 2:13.
    the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit (s. HPreisker, Geist u. Leben ’33).
    πνεῦμα is accompanied by another noun, which characterizes the working of the Spirit more definitely: πνεῦμα καὶ δύναμις spirit and power Lk 1:17; 1 Cor 2:4. Cp. Ac 10:38; 1 Th 1:5. πνεῦμα καὶ ζωή J 6:63b. πνεῦμα κ. σοφία Ac 6:3; cp. vs. 10 (cp. TestReub 2:6 πνεῦμα λαλίας). πίστις κ. πνεῦμα ἅγιον 6:5 (cp. Just., D. 135, 6). χαρὰ καὶ πνεῦμα ἅγ. 13:52.
    Unless frustrated by humans in their natural condition, the Spirit of God produces a spiritual type of conduct Gal 5:16, 25 and produces the καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος vs. 22 (s. Vögtle under πλεονεξία).
    The Spirit inspires certain people of God B 12:2; B 13:5, above all, in their capacity as proclaimers of a divine revelation (Strabo 9, 3, 5 the πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, that inspired the Pythia; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; 33, 5 of the divine πν. that impels prophets and poets to express themselves; schol. on Pla. 856e of a μάντις: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ πληροῦσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 4 [=Fgm. 2, 4 p. 136 Holladay] τὸ θεῖον πν., καθʼ ὸ̔ καὶ προφήτης ἀνακεκήρυκται ‘[Moses possessed] the Divine Spirit with the result that he was proclaimed a prophet’; AscIs 1:7 τὸ πν. τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ἐμοί; AssMos Fgm. f εἶδεν πνεύματι ἐπαρθείς; Just., A I, 38, 1 al.; Ath. 10, 3 τὸ προφητικὸν πν. Cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 23 of Proclus: οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ θείας ἐπινοίας … διαλέγεσθαι; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 23). προφητεία came into being only as ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι 2 Pt 1:21; cp. Ac 15:29 v.l.; cp. 1 Cl 8:1. David Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; cp. Ac 1:16; 4:25. Isaiah Ac 28:25. Moses B 10:2, B 9; the Spirit was also active in giving the tables of the law to Moses 14:2. Christ himself spoke in the OT διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου 1 Cl 22:1. The ἱεραὶ γραφαί are called αἱ διὰ τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἁγίου 45:2.—The Christian prophet Agabus also ἐσήμαινεν διὰ τοῦ πν. Ac 11:28; cp. Ac 21:11. Likew. Ign. IPhld 7:2. In general the Spirit reveals the most profound secrets to those who believe 1 Cor 2:10ab.—1 Cl claims to be written διὰ τοῦ ἁγ. πν. 63:2. On Ac 19:21 s. 3b.
    The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss. 8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19 refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.
    One special type of spiritual gift is represented by ecstatic speaking. Of those who ‘speak in tongues’ that no earthly person can understand: πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια expresses secret things in a spiritual way 1 Cor 14:2. Cp. vss. 14–16 and s. νοῦς 1b. τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις the Spirit pleads in our behalf with groans beyond words Ro 8:26b. Of speech that is ecstatic, but expressed in words that can be understood λαλεῖν ἐν πνεύματι D 11:7, 8; cp. vs. 9 (on the subject-matter 1 Cor 12:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 118f; TestJob 43:2 ἀναλαβὼν Ἐλιφᾶς πν. εἶπεν ὕμνον). Of the state of mind of the seer of the Apocalypse: ἐν πνεύματι Rv 17:3; 21:10; γενέσθαι ἐν πν. 1:10; 4:2 (s. γίνομαι 5c, ἐν 4c and EMoering, StKr 92, 1920, 148–54; RJeske, NTS 31, ’85, 452–66); AcPl Ha 6, 27. On the Spirit at Pentecost Ac 2:4 s. KLake: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 111–21. κατασταλέντος τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἐν Μύρτῃ when the Spirit (of prophecy) that was in Myrta ceased speaking AcPl Ha 7, 9.
    The Spirit leads and directs Christian missionaries in their journeys (Aelian, NA 11, 16 the young women are led blindfolded to the cave of the holy serpent; they are guided by a πνεῦμα θεῖον) Ac 16:6, 7 (by dreams, among other methods; cp. vs. 9f and s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 27: Proclus ἔφασκεν προθυμηθῆναι μὲν πολλάκις γράψαι, κωλυθῆναι δὲ ἐναργῶς ἔκ τινων ἐνυπνίων). In Ac 16:6–7 τὸ ἅγιον πν. and τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ are distinguished.
    an activating spirit that is not fr. God, spirit: πν. ἔτερον a different (kind of) spirit 2 Cor 11:4. Cp. 2 Th 2:2; 1J 4:1–3. Because there are persons activated by such spirits, it is necessary to test the var. kinds of spirits (the same problem Artem. 3, 20 περὶ διαφορᾶς μάντεων, οἷς δεῖ προσέχειν καὶ οἷς μή) 1 Cor 12:10; 1J 4:1b. ὁ διάβολος πληροῖ αὐτὸν αὐτοῦ πν. Hm 11:3. Also οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματός ἐστε Lk 9:55 v.l. distinguishes betw. the spirit shown by Jesus’ disciples, and another kind of spirit.—Even more rarely a spirit divinely given that is not God’s own; so (in a quot. fr. Is 29:10) a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως Ro 11:8.
    an independent transcendent personality, the Spirit, which appears in formulas that became more and more fixed and distinct (cp. Ath. 12, 2; Hippol., Ref. 7, 26, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 12 θεόν, υἱόν πατρός, πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον ἓν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία, ταῦτα νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδʼ ἡγοῦ θεόν=‘God, son of the father, spirit proceeding from the father, one from three and three from one, consider these as Zeus, think of this one as God’. The entire context bears a Christian impress.—As Aion in gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 2, 5 [Harv. I 21, 2]): βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the text s. βαπτίζω 2c; on the subject-matter GWalther, Die Entstehung des Taufsymbols aus dem Taufritus: StKr 95, 1924, 256ff); D 7:1, 3. Cp. 2 Cor 13:13; 1 Cl 58:2; IEph 9:1; IMg 13:1b, 2; MPol 14:3; 22:1, 3; Epil Mosq 5. On this s. HUsener, Dreiheit: RhM 58, 1903, 1ff; 161ff; 321ff; esp. 36ff; EvDobschütz, Zwei-u. dreigliedrige Formeln: JBL 50, ’31, 116–47 (also Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 92–100); Norden, Agn. Th. 228ff; JMainz, Die Bed. der Dreizahl im Judentum 1922; Clemen2 125–28; NSöderblom, Vater, Sohn u. Geist 1909; DNielsen, Der dreieinige Gott I 1922; GKrüger, Das Dogma v. der Dreieinigkeit 1905, 46ff; AHarnack, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung 1910, 187ff; JHaussleiter, Trinitarischer Glaube u. Christusbekenntnis in der alten Kirche: BFCT XXV 4, 1920; JLebreton, Histoire du dogme de la Trinité I: Les origines6 1927; RBlümel, Pls u. d. dreieinige Gott 1929.—On the whole word FRüsche, D. Seelenpneuma ’33; HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 486–95; PVolz, Der Geist Gottes u. d. verwandten Erscheinungen im AT 1910; JHehn, Zum Problem des Geistes im alten Orient u. im AT: ZAW n.s. 2, 1925, 210–25; SLinder, Studier till Gamla Testamentets föreställningar om anden 1926; AMarmorstein, Der Hl. Geist in der rabb. Legende: ARW 28, 1930, 286–303; NSnaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 229–37; FDillistone, Bibl. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: Theology Today 3, ’46/47, 486–97; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 341–46; ESchweizer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 482–508; DLys, Rûach, Le Souffle dans l’AT, ’62; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 202–93.—HGunkel, Die Wirkungen des Hl. Geistes2 1899; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; EWinstanley, The Spirit in the NT 1908; HSwete, The Holy Spirit in the NT 1909, The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church 1912; EScott, The Spirit in the NT 1923; FBüchsel, Der Geist Gottes im NT 1926; EvDobschütz, Der Geistbesitz des Christen im Urchristentum: Monatsschr. für Pastoral-theol. 20, 1924, 228ff; FBadcock, ‘The Spirit’ and Spirit in the NT: ET 45, ’34, 218–21; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 151–62 (Eng. tr. KGrobel, ’51, I 153–64); ESchweizer, Geist u. Gemeinde im NT ’52, Int 6, ’52, 259–78.—WTosetti, Der Hl. Geist als göttliche Pers. in den Evangelien 1918; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion. Der Ursprung des Geistbegriffs der Syn. Ev. aus der griech. Mystik 1922; AFrövig, Das Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. der Geist 1924; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist nach Syn. Überl.: Studies in Early Christianity, presented to FCPorter and BWBacon 1928, 209–36; FSynge, The Holy Spirit in the Gospels and Acts: CQR 120, ’35, 205–17; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Trad. ’47.—ESokolowski, Die Begriffe Geist u. Leben bei Pls 1903; KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke bei Pls 1912; GVos, The Eschatological Aspect of the Pauline Conception of the Spirit: Bibl. and Theol. Studies by the Faculty of Princeton Theol. Sem. 1912, 209–59; HBertrams, Das Wesen des Geistes nach d. Anschauung des Ap. Pls 1913; WReinhard, Das Wirken des Hl. Geistes im Menschen nach den Briefen des Ap. Pls 1918; HHoyle, The Holy Spirit in St. Paul 1928; PGächter, Z. Pneumabegriff des hl. Pls: ZKT 53, 1929, 345–408; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 159–74 al. [Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, tr. WMontgomery ’31, 160–76 al.]; E-BAllo, RB 43, ’34, 321–46 [1 Cor]; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 8:11; Synge [s. above], CQR 119, ’35, 79–93 [Pauline epp.]; NWaaning, Onderzoek naar het gebruik van πνεῦμα bij Pls, diss. Amsterd. ’39; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 167–200.—HvBaer, Der Hl. Geist in den Lukasschriften 1926; MGoguel, La Notion joh. de l’Esprit 1902; JSimpson, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: Exp., 9th ser., 4, 1925, 292–99; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist im J.: Amicitiae Corolla (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 303–18; WLofthouse, The Holy Spirit in Ac and J: ET 52, ’40/41, 334–36; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: JTS 1 n.s., ’50, 1–15; FCrump, Pneuma in the Gospels, diss. Catholic Univ. of America, ’54; GLampe, Studies in the Gospels (RHLightfoot memorial vol.) ’55, 159–200; NHamilton, The Holy Spirit and Eschatology in Paul, ’57; WDavies, Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Flesh and Spirit: The Scrolls and the NT, ed. KStendahl, ’57, 157–82.—GJohnston, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Qumran Lit.: NT Sidelights (ACPurdy Festschr.) ’60, 27–42; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT, RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II, ’66, 150–64; DHill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings, ’67, 202–93; WBieder, Pneumatolog. Aspekte im Hb, OCullmann Festschr. ’72, 251–59; KEasley, The Pauline Usage of πνεύματι as a Reference to the Spirit of God: JETS 27, ’84, 299–313 (statistics).—B. 260; 1087. Pauly-W. XIV 387–412. BHHW I 534–37. Schmidt, Syn. II 218–50. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG s.v. πνέω. M-M. Dict. de la Bible XI 126–398. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > πνεῦμα

  • 20 ordine

    m order
    ordine alfabetico alphabetical order
    ordine di pagamento payment order
    di prim'ordine first-rate, first-class
    ordine permanente finance standing order
    * * *
    ordine s.m.
    1 order, arrangement; ( fila, serie) series*, sequence: ordine alfabetico, cronologico, alphabetical, chronological order; ordine logico, logical order; ordine numerico, numerical order; (sport) ordine d'arrivo, order of arrival; in base all'ordine di partenza sono il primo, according to the starting order I am the first; in ordine di età, importanza, in order of age, importance; numero d'ordine, serial number; in ordine di apparizione, in order of appearance; che ordine in camera tua!, what a neat room!; ha la mania dell'ordine, he is obsessed with tidiness; cerchiamo di procedere con ordine, let's try to be methodical; mettetevi in ordine di altezza, line up by height; metter in ordine alfabetico, to put in alphabetical order; mettere in ordine di data, to put in order of date // mettere qlco. in ordine, ( riassettare) to tidy sthg. up (o to put sthg. in order): mettere in ordine la camera, to tidy (up) the bedroom; mettiti in ordine che usciamo, tidy yourself up, we're going out; ho appena finito di rimettere in ordine gli appunti, I've just finished putting my notes in order; mettere in ordine i propri affari, to straighten (out) one's affairs; se non fai un po' di ordine sulla scrivania, non troverai niente!, if you don't tidy (up) your desk, you won't find anything! // tenere in ordine i libri, to keep the books tidy (o in order) // essere in ordine, to be in order, ( di persona) to be tidy: la casa è in perfetto ordine, the house is in perfect order; è tutto in ordine, possiamo partire, everything is in order, we can leave // ordine di idee, scheme of things: ciò non rientra nel mio ordine di idee, this does not enter into my scheme of things; entrare nell'ordine di idee di fare qlco., to come round to the idea of doing sthg. // all'ordine del giorno, on the agenda: questioni all'ordine del giorno, items on the agenda; passare all'ordine del giorno, to proceed with the business on the agenda (o to the business of the day); mettere un argomento all'ordine del giorno, to table an item; è un argomento all'ordine del giorno, (fig.) it's a topical subject; ormai le sue scenate sono all'ordine del giorno, (estens.) his scenes are now everyday occurrences // (mil.) ordine sparso, chiuso, open, close order: avanzare in ordine sparso, to advance in open order // ritirarsi in buon ordine, to retire in good order; il mio progetto era troppo caro e quindi mi sono ritirato in buon ordine, my plan was too expensive so I backed down // (comm.) in ordine a, with regard to (o as to o following): in ordine alla vostra proposta, with regard to your proposal
    2 ( comando) order, direction: ordine scritto, written order; fino a nuovo ordine, until further orders; per ordine di, by order of; ho l'ordine di restare qui, I have orders to remain here; ricevette l'ordine di andare all'estero, he was ordered abroad; dare ordine che sia fatto qlco., to give orders for sthg. to be done; dare, eseguire un ordine, to give (o to carry out) an order; eseguivo soltanto gli ordini, I was acting under orders; essere agli ordini di qlcu., to be at s.o.'s beck and call, (mil.) to be under s.o.'s orders (o command); ubbidire a un ordine, to obey an order; non prendo ordini da nessuno, I don't take orders from anyone; chi l'ha autorizzato a dare ordini?, who authorized him to give orders? // (mil.) agli ordini!, yes, sir! // parola d'ordine, password: quest'anno nella moda la parola d'ordine è 'minigonna', (fig.) this year in the world of fashion the miniskirt is a must
    3 (dir.) order, injunction; rule; decree; ( mandato) warrant; writ: ordine di comparizione, summons; ordine di sequestro, writ of attachment
    4 (econ.) order, request: ordine di pagamento, order of payment (o payment order), (banca) banker's order; ordine di prelievo, stock withdrawal order; ordine di acquisto, purchase order; ordine di merci per l'esportazione, indent; ordine di prova, trial order; ordine verbale, verbal order; ordine inevaso, unfulfilled (o unexecuted) order; ordine aperto, open order; ordini non ancora eseguiti, arretrati, outstanding orders; ordine per corrispondenza, mail order; ordine ripetitivo, ( dello stesso genere di merci) repeat order; dare ordine di pagamento di una fattura, to authorize payment of an invoice; soddisfare un ordine, to execute (o carry out an order); inoltrare un ordine, to send in an order; passare un ordine a qlcu., to place an order with s.o. (o to remit an order to s.o.); accusare ricevuta d'ordine, to acknowledge receipt of an order; annullare un ordine, to cancel an order; confermare un ordine, to confirm an order; evadere un ordine, to fill an order // (Borsa): ordine di Borsa, Stock Market order; ordine al listino, in chiusura, buy on close; ordine condizionato, contingent order; ordine debordant, stop order (o stop-loss order o resting order); ordine migliorando, split order; ordine revocabile, revocable order // (banca): all'ordine di, to the order of; ordine permanente, standing order; ordine di accreditamento, credit order; ordine di bonifico, payment order; ordine di fermo, stop payment; ordine di riscossione, di incasso, collection order
    5 ( disciplina) order: ordine pubblico, public order; (dir.) delitto contro l'ordine pubblico, breach of the peace; fu ristabilito l'ordine, order was restored; mantenere l'ordine, to keep order; richiamare all'ordine, to call (a meeting) to order
    6 ( categoria) order, rank, class: tutti gli ordini sociali erano rappresentati, all social classes were represented // ordine professionale, professional association; ordine degli Avvocati, Bar Association; Roll of Solicitors; ordine dei medici, Medical Association // di prim'ordine, first-class (attr.); first-rate: albergo di prim'ordine, first-class hotel; merce di prim'ordine, first-rate goods; artista di prim'ordine, first-rate artist; pranzo di prim'ordine, first-rate dinner; ristorante di infimo ordine, third-class restaurant // (amm.) impiegato d'ordine, junior employee // (dir.) ordine delle ipoteche, rank of mortgages
    7 ( genere) kind, nature: problemi d'ordine tecnico, problems of a technical nature (o technical problems); questo è un altro ordine di cose, this is a different matter altogether
    8 ( congregazione) order: ordine cavalleresco, religioso, order of chivalry, religious order // Ordine dei Cavalieri di Malta, Order of the Knights of Malta; Ordine dei Domenicani, Dominican Order
    9 pl. (eccl.) orders: ordini maggiori, minori, major, minor orders; ordini sacri, Holy Orders; prendere gli ordini sacri, to take Holy Orders
    10 (mat.) order: ordine di un gruppo, di un'equazione, order of a group, of an equation; relazione d'ordine, order relation // (fis.) ordine di grandezza, order of magnitude
    11 (arch.) order: ordine dorico, ionico, corinzio, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian order
    12 (bot., zool.) order: appartenente a un ordine, ordinal.
    * * *
    ['ordine]
    sostantivo maschile
    1) (comando) order

    dare a qcn. l'ordine di fare — to give an order for sb. to do, to order sb. to do

    non prendo -i da nessunoI won't o don't take orders from anybody

    agire su o per ordine di qcn. to act on sb.'s order; avere l'ordine di fare to be under o have orders to do; essere agli -i di qcn. to be under sb.'s orders (anche mil.); agli -i! mil. yes, sir! (anche scherz.); fino a nuovo ordine — until further orders

    in ordine alfabetico, cronologico — in alphabetical, chronological order

    mettere in ordine alfabetico — to order alphabetically, to put in alphabetical order

    ordine di partenza, di arrivo — sport starting order, order of arrival

    avanzare in ordine sparso, serrato — to advance in scattered, close formation

    primo, secondo ordine di posti in platea — first, second row of seats in the pit

    essere in ordine — [casa, armadio] to be tidy; [affari, conti] to be in order

    mettere in ordine — to clear up, to tidy up, to sort out [stanza, armadio]; to order, to arrange, to sort [schedario, nomi, date]; to organize [libri, carte]

    mettere ordine nei propri affarito put o set one's affairs in order

    far ordine nella propria vitato put o set one's life in order, to sort out one's life

    mantenere, ristabilire l'ordine — to keep, restore order

    richiamare qcn. all'ordine — to call sb. to order

    ordine pubblico — public order, peace

    6) (natura, categoria)

    dell'ordine del 15% — of BE o in AE the order of 15%

    di prim'ordine — first-class, first-rate, high-class

    di second'ordine — second-class, second-rate

    7) arch. biol. order
    8) (associazione, confraternita) order

    l'ordine degli avvocati — the Bar, bar association AE

    9) relig.

    -i maggiori, minori — major, minor orders

    10) relig. (sacramento) ordination, ordering
    11) stor. order
    12) econ. order

    ordine d'acquisto, di vendita, di consegna, di pagamento — buying, selling, delivery, money order

    * * *
    ordine
    /'ordine/
    sostantivo m.
     1 (comando) order; dare a qcn. l'ordine di fare to give an order for sb. to do, to order sb. to do; ricevere l'ordine di fare to take the order to do; eseguire un ordine to carry out an order; non prendo -i da nessuno I won't o don't take orders from anybody; agire su o per ordine di qcn. to act on sb.'s order; avere l'ordine di fare to be under o have orders to do; essere agli -i di qcn. to be under sb.'s orders (anche mil.); agli -i! mil. yes, sir! (anche scherz.); fino a nuovo ordine until further orders
     2 (criterio che ordina) order; in ordine alfabetico, cronologico in alphabetical, chronological order; mettere in ordine alfabetico to order alphabetically, to put in alphabetical order; ordine di partenza, di arrivo sport starting order, order of arrival; avanzare in ordine sparso, serrato to advance in scattered, close formation
     3 (insieme di elementi) primo, secondo ordine di posti in platea first, second row of seats in the pit
     4 (sistemazione ordinata) order; essere in ordine [ casa, armadio] to be tidy; [ affari, conti] to be in order; tenere una stanza in ordine to keep a room tidy; mettere in ordine to clear up, to tidy up, to sort out [ stanza, armadio]; to order, to arrange, to sort [ schedario, nomi, date]; to organize [ libri, carte]; mettere ordine nei propri affari to put o set one's affairs in order; far ordine nella propria vita to put o set one's life in order, to sort out one's life; è amante dell'ordine e della pulizia he likes order and tidiness
     5 (disciplina) mantenere, ristabilire l'ordine to keep, restore order; richiamare qcn. all'ordine to call sb. to order; ordine pubblico public order, peace; le forze dell'ordine the police
     6 (natura, categoria) è un problema di ordine economico it's a problem of an economic nature; è nell'ordine delle cose it's in the natural order of things; dell'ordine del 15% of BE o in AE the order of 15%; di prim'ordine first-class, first-rate, high-class; di second'ordine second-class, second-rate
     7 arch. biol. order
     8 (associazione, confraternita) order; ordine cavalleresco order of chivalry; l'ordine dei medici the medical association; l'ordine degli avvocati the Bar, bar association AE
     9 relig. ordine monastico monastic order; -i maggiori, minori major, minor orders
     10 relig. (sacramento) ordination, ordering; prendere gli -i to take Holy orders
     11 stor. order; l'Ordine della Giarrettiera the Order of the Garter
     12 econ. order; ordine d'acquisto, di vendita, di consegna, di pagamento buying, selling, delivery, money order; pagare all'ordine del signor Bianchi to pay to the order of Mr Bianchi
    ordine del giorno agenda; essere all'ordine del giorno to be on the agenda (anche fig.); ordine di grandezza order of magnitude.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > ordine

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